Modeling Composite Material Impact
with Abaqus/Explicit
Lecture 13
L13.2
Overview
Introduction
Composite Damage Models in Abaqus/Explicit
Unidirectional Fiber
Example Composite Plate Impact
Woven Fabric
Example Corrugated Beam Crushing
Modeling Techniques
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
Introduction
L13.4
Introduction
Impact resistance of composite materials is of primary importance in
many industries
Automotive
Road debris
Vehicle crashworthiness
Aerospace
Aircraft crashworthiness
Bird strike
Defense
Ballistics
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
Composite Damage Models in
Abaqus/Explicit
L13.6
Composite Damage Models in Abaqus/Explicit
Abaqus/Explicit provides additional damage models for fiber-reinforced
composite materials.
The built-in damage model discussed in Lecture 9 can only be used with
elements that have a plane stress formulation.
Plane stress, membrane, and shell elements.
User-defined material subroutines (VUMATs) are available to extend this
capability to elements with other stress states (3D, for example).
Composite damage VUMATs
Two routines are available:
Unidirectional fiber VUMAT (extension of built-in capability to include
3D)
Available via SIMULIA Answer 3123
Woven fabric VUMAT
Available as a built-in user subroutine
Both of these routines require user input to specify how the composite
materials will behave under load.
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
L13.8
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
The primary assumption is that elastic stress/strain
relations are given by orthotropic damaged elasticity
Four damage variables are introduced
Two associated with fiber tension and
compression
d ft , d fc
Two associated with matrix tension and
compression
d mt , d mc
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.9
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
These four damage variables are used to define global fiber and matrix
damage variables.
d f 1 (1 d ft )(1 d fc )
d m 1 (1 d mt )(1 d mc )
The damaged elastic constants, Cij, are defined in terms of the
undamaged elastic constants and the damage variables.
C11 (1 d f )C110
0
C22 (1 d f )(1 d m )C22
C33 (1 d f )(1 d m )C330
C12 (1 d f )(1 d m )C120
0
C23 (1 d f )(1 d m )C23
The factors smt and smc control the
loss of shear stiffness by matrix
tensile and compressive failure,
respectively.
C13 (1 d f )(1 d m )C130
G12 (1 d f )(1 smt d mt )(1 smc d mc )G120
G23 (1 d f )(1 smt d mt )(1 smc d mc )G230
G31 (1 d f )(1 smt d mt )(1 smc d mc )G310
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.10
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
The undamaged elastic constants are functions of the undamaged
Youngs moduli and Poissons ratios
C110 E110 (1 23 32 )
0
C220 E22
(1 13 31 )
C330 E330 (1 12 21 )
C120 E110 ( 21 31 23 )
0
C230 E22
( 32 12 31 )
C130 E110 ( 31 21 32 )
1 (1 12 21 23 32 31 13 2 21 32 13 )
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.11
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
19 user material constants must be specified for this subroutine
Youngs moduli in the three primary axes
E011, E022, E033
Poissons ratios
12, 13, 23
Shear moduli
G012, G013, G023
Shear strengths
S12, S13, S23
Tensile and compressive failure stress in each primary direction
X1t, X1c, X2t, X2c, X3t, X3c
Damping (optional)
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.12
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
Data input
*MATERIAL, NAME=matName
*DENSITY
*USER MATERIAL, CONSTANTS=27
** Line 1:
0
E110 , E22
, E330 , 12 , 13 , 23 , G120 , G130
** Line 2:
0
G23
, ,0,0,0,0,0,0
** Line 3:
X 1t , X 1c , X 2t , X 2 c , X 3t , X 3c ,0,0
** Line 4:
S12 , S13 , S 23
*DEPVAR, DELETE=5
17
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
Why did the
previous slide
indicate 19
constants are
required?
L13.13
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
Output
In addition to the standard output variables for stress-displacement
elements, the following output variables have a special meaning for
this VUMAT:
SDV1
Tensile damage along direction 1 (fiber direction)
SDV2
Compressive damage along direction 1
SDV3
Tensile damage along direction 2 (transverse direction)
SDV4
Compressive damage along direction 2 (transverse
direction)
SDV5
Material point status; 1 if active, 0 if failed
SDV6-11
Components of viscous stresses if beta-damping is active
SDV12-17
Components of elastic strain tensor
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.14
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
Example: Composite laminate plate ballistic impact
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.15
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
Results:
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.16
Unidirectional Fiber VUMAT
Using cohesive elements for delamination prediction
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
Woven Fabric VUMAT
L13.18
Woven Fabric VUMAT
A schematic of the assumed woven material
is shown to the right.
The fiber directions are assumed to be, and to
remain, orthogonal (no wrinkling due to shear).
The constitutive stress-strain relations are formulated in a local1
Cartesian coordinate system with base vectors aligned with the fiber
directions.
The fabric reinforced ply is modeled as a homogeneous orthotropic
elastic material with the potential to sustain progressive stiffness
degradation due to fiber/matrix cracking, and plastic deformation under
shear loading.
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.19
Woven Fabric VUMAT
It is assumed that the elastic stress-strain relations are given by
orthotropic damaged elasticity.
11
22
12
(1 d1 ) E1
21
E2
12
E1
1
(1 d 2 ) E2
11
22
12
(1 d12 )2G12
Three global damage variables are used and are associated with fiber
fracture along the 1- and 2-directions and matrix micro-cracking due to
shear deformation.
The model differentiates between tensile and compressive fiber failure
modes by activating the corresponding damage variable depending on
the stress state in the fiber directions
d1 d1
11
11
22
22
d1
; d 2 d 2
d 2
| 11 |
| 11 |
| 22 |
| 22 |
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.20
Woven Fabric VUMAT
Fiber response
The material response along the fiber directions is characterized
with damaged elasticity. It is assumed that the fiber damage
variables are a function of the corresponding effective stress
The criterion for initiation of fiber failure is assumed to take the
form
Shear response
%
X
( 1,1, 2, 2)
The shear response is dominated by the non-linear behavior of the
matrix, which includes both plasticity and stiffness degradation due
to matrix microcracking
The criterion for initiation of shear failure is assumed to take the
form
12
%
12
S
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.21
Woven Fabric VUMAT
Element deletion
The VUMAT provides an option to delete elements when any one
tensile/compressive damage variable along the fiber directions
reaches a maximum specified value, or when the plastic strain due
to shear deformation reaches a maximum specified value.
Calibration
The elastic constants and the fiber tension/compression strengths
are easily measured from standard coupon tests in uniaxial
tension/compression loading of 0/90 laminates.
The calibration of damage evolution in the fiber failure modes is
based on the fracture energy per unit area of the material, which
can be measured experimentally.
The shear response is usually calibrated with a cyclic tensile test on
a 45 laminate, where the strains along the fiber directions can be
neglected.
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.22
Woven Fabric VUMAT
26 user material constants must be specified for this subroutine
Youngs moduli in fiber 1- and 2-directions
E1, E2
Poissons ratio
12, 12
Shear modulus
G12
Shear stress at the onset of shear damage
S
Tensile and compressive strength along fiber directions
X1, X2
Shear equation parameters
12, d12max
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.23
Woven Fabric VUMAT
Energy per unit area for tensile and compressive fracture along fiber
directions
Gf1, Gf2
Shear plasticity coefficients
y0, C, p
Controls for material point failure
lDelFlag,
dmax, plmax, max, min
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.24
Woven Fabric VUMAT
To activate the model for fabric reinforced composites the
material name must start with the string
ABQ_PLY_FABRIC
Data input
*MATERIAL, NAME=ABQ_PLY_FABRIC_matName
*DENSITY
*USER MATERIAL, CONSTRANT=40
** Line 1:
E1 , E 2 , 12 , G12 , E1 , E 2 , 12
** Line 2:
X1 , X1 , X 2 , X 2 , S
** Line 3:
G1f , G1f , G 2f , G 2f , 12 , d12max
** Line 4:
%y 0 , C , p
** Line 5:
pl
, max , min
lMpFail , d max , max
*DEPVAR, DELETE=16
16
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.25
Woven Fabric VUMAT
Output
In addition to the standard output variables for stress-displacement
elements, the following output variables have a special meaning for
this VUMAT:
SDV1
Tensile damage along fiber direction 1
SDV2
Compressive damage along fiber direction 1
SDV3
Tensile damage along fiber direction 2
SDV4
Compressive damage along fiber direction 2
SDV5
Shear damage
SDV6
Tensile damage threshold along fiber direction 1
SDV7
Compressive damage threshold along fiber direction 1
SDV8
Tensile damage threshold along fiber direction 2
SDV9
Compressive damage threshold along fiber direction 2
SDV10
Shear damage threshold
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.26
Woven Fabric VUMAT
Output (contd)
SDV11
Equivalent plastic strain
SDV12
Elastic strain component 11
SDV13
Elastic strain component 22
SDV14
Not used
SDV15
Elastic strain component 12
SDV16
Material point status: 1 if active, 0 if failed
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.27
Woven Fabric VUMAT
Example: Composite woven fabric beam crush
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.28
Woven Fabric VUMAT
Results:
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
Modeling Techniques
L13.30
Modeling Techniques
Stable time increment
For Abaqus/Explicit, the concept of the stable time increment is important
to understand
E
E
t min Le
;
2
(1 )(1 2 )
2(1 )
When modeling composites at the laminate level, very small element
dimensions can be encountered
This can lead to a very small stable time increment, requiring a large
number of increments to complete an analysis
For a typical composite where Le0.2 mm, 1.5e9, E65 GPa,
and 0.3, t is on the order of 1e10 seconds.
To simulate 1 millisecond will require 10 million increments!
Some ideas for dealing with this follow.
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.31
Modeling Techniques
Stable time increment
Use double precision if the number of increments will exceed 300,000
To attempt a more time economical solution, the following may be helpful
Mass scaling can be used to speed up the simulation for the
purposes of checking model setup
Dynamic response will be affected
Group layers of common material orientation together and model as
one layer
Use continuum macroscopic (i.e., anisotropic global) properties to
model the composite instead of using a mixed modeling technique
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
L13.32
Modeling Techniques
Interior surfaces for erosion
If erosion will be considered in an impact analysis, care must be taken when
defining contact
Interior mesh surfaces must be included in the contact definitions
The inclusion of interior faces is not currently supported in Abaqus/CAE, and
requires a manual edit to the input file. For example:
*SURFACE, NAME=interior_elems, TYPE=ELEMENT
all_elems, interior
This creates a surface named interior_elems consisting of the interior
faces of the element set all_elems, which can now be used in the contact
domain
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
