Fertilization
Fertilization:
the fusion of the sperm cell
nucleus with the egg cell
nucleus to produce a
zygote (fertilized egg)
Fertilization:
External
Occurs outside of the body of the
female
Increased number of eggs
produced to insure the survival of
the species
Ex) fish and amphibians
Fertilization:
Internal
Occurs inside the body of the female
Fewer number of eggs are produced
Increased parental care insures
species survival
Ex) mammals, reptiles, birds
Fertilization:
fertilization in
mammals
occurs in the
oviduct
The ova is
viable for
approximately
24 hours after
ovulation
Implantation
After approximately
a week, the
developing embryo
is implanted into
the uterus
Embryo:
conception to 8
weeks
Embryonic
Development
Embryo:
a multicellular organism in the
early stages of development
2 four cell stage embryos
Eight cell stage embryo
Embryo:
The beginning developmental
processes are always the same in
all animals:
1) cleavage
2) growth
3) differentiation
Embryo:
after
fertilization the
diploid
ZYGOTE
undergoes
cleavage
divisions in the
oviduct
Cleavage
the first series of cell divisions by
mitosis after fertilization
Cell division is rapid, new cells do not
take time for the growth phase G1
cell growth does not occur so
cells decrease in size with each
cleavage division
Cleavage divisions
Morula forms (solid ball of cells)
Blastula forms (hollow ball of cells)
Cells begin to grow before dividing
Differentation
Gastrulation: one
side of the blastula
invaginates
(indents) forming a
gastrula
Three cell layers
form
Differentation
Differentiation
The changing of unspecialized
embryonic cells into the
specialized cells, tissues and
organs of a multicellular animal
Germ Layers
Ectoderm Outer layer
Nervous system including brain,
spinal cord and nerves
Lining of the mouth, nostrils, and
anus
Epidermis of skin, sweat glands,
hair, nails
Germ Layers
MesodermMiddle Layer
Bones and muscles
Blood and blood vessels
Reproductive and excretory
systems
Inner layer (dermis) of skin
Germ Layers
Endoderm Inner Layer
Lining of digestive tract
Lining of trachea, bronchi, and
lungs
Liver, pancreas
Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus,
urinary bladder
Placenta
organ that
forms from
the embryo
and the
uterus
Placenta
contains blood vessels
from the mother and the
developing baby
Placenta
Oxygen & nutrients diffuse from
the mothers blood vessels into
the babys blood vessels
Wastes diffuse from the babys
blood vessels into the mothers
blood vessels
Umbilical Cord
two arteries
and a vein
Connects the
fetus to the
placenta
Amniotic Sac
Contains fluid
(amniotic fluid)
that protects
fetus by giving
it a stable
environment
and absorbing
shock
By the end of the
8th week of
pregnancy the
embryo is called a
fetus and all of
the major
structures are
present
Later Stages of Fetal
Development
Human gestation
the period
between
fertilization
and birth
approximately
38-40 weeks
Teratogens
Substances that may harm the
developing fetus and result in
the formation of birth defects
Teratogens include:
Alcohol, certain
drugs/medications,
infections, and certain
chemicals
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Can result in mental retardation / learning disability
Facial Features
Epicanthal folds
Small, widely spaced eyes
Flat midface
Short, upturned nose
Smooth, wide philtrum
Thin upper lip
Underdeveloped jaw
Cleft Lip / Palate
maternal alcohol consumption and
maternal smoking during the early
stages of pregnancy have been shown
to increase the risk of developing
orofacial clefts
[Link]
How do twins
form???
Monozygotic Twins
(Identical Twins)
One egg is fertilized by one sperm
Embryo splits into two during the early
stages of development
Have identical genes and must be of
the same sex
(Incidence: about 3 in every 1000
births)
Dizygotic Twins
(Fraternal Twins)
Two eggs are ovulated and each is
fertilized by a sperm cell
No more genetically similar than any
other sibling in the family (can be
same/different sexes)
Maternal age, use of assisted
reproductive technologies are factors
Incidence (6.7/1000 births in Japan to
40/1000 births in Nigeria)
