Chapter 2: Atomic Structure &
Interatomic Bonding
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What promotes bonding?
What types of bonds are there?
What properties are inferred from bonding?
Chapter 2 - 1
Atomic Structure (Freshman Chem.)
atom
electrons 9.11 x 10-31 kg
_______
____________
neutrons
atomic number = # of protons in nucleus of atom
= # of electrons in ______ species
A [=] atomic mass unit = ____ = 1/12 mass of 12C
Atomic wt = wt of ___________ molecules or atoms
1 amu/atom = 1 g/mol
C
H
12.011
1.008 etc.
Chapter 2 - 2
Atomic Structure
Some of the following properties
1)
2)
3)
4)
Chemical
________
Thermal
________
are determined by electronic structure
Chapter 2 - 3
Electronic Structure
Electrons have wavelike and particulate properties.
Two of the wavelike characteristics are
electrons are in ________ defined by a probability.
each orbital at discrete __________ is determined by
quantum numbers.
Quantum #
Designation
n = _________ (energy level-shell) K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.)
l = subsidiary (orbitals)
s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,, n -1)
ml = ___________ 1, 3, 5, 7 (-l to +l)
ms = spin
, -
Chapter 2 - 4
Electron Energy States
Electrons...
have discrete energy states
tend to occupy lowest available energy state.
4d
4p
3d
4s
Energy
N-shell n = 4
Adapted from Fig. 2.6, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
(From K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J. Wulff,
Introduction to Materials Science and
Engineering, p. 22. Copyright 1976 by John
Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by
permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
3p
3s
M-shell n = 3
2p
2s
L-shell n = 2
1s
K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 5
SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Element
Atomic #
Hydrogen
1
Helium
2
Lithium
3
Beryllium
4
Boron
5
Carbon
6
...
Neon
10
Sodium
11
Magnesium
12
Aluminum
13
...
Electron configuration
1s 1
1s 2
(stable)
1s 2 2s 1
1s 2 2s2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
...
Argon
...
Krypton
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6
(stable)
...
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 (stable)
18
...
36
Adapted from Table 2.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6
(stable)
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
...
Why? Valence (outer) shell usually not filled completely.
Chapter 2 - 6
Electron Configurations
Valence electrons those in unfilled shells
_________________________
Valence electrons are most available for
bonding and tend to control the chemical
properties
example: C (atomic number = 6)
1s2 2s2 2p2
valence electrons
Chapter 2 - 7
Electronic Configurations
ex: Fe - atomic # = 26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
4d
4p
3d
4s
Energy
3d 6 4s2
valence
N-shell n = 4
electrons
Adapted from Fig. 2.6, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
(From K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J.
Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and
Engineering, p. 22. Copyright 1976 by John
Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by
permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
3p
3s
M-shell n = 3
2p
2s
L-shell n = 2
1s
K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 8
The Periodic Table
give up 1egive up 2egive up 3e-
accept 2eaccept 1einert gases
Columns: Similar Valence Structure
K Ca Sc
Se Br Kr
He
Li Be
F Ne
Na Mg
Cl Ar
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Te
Adapted from
Fig. 2.8,
Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
Xe
Po At Rn
Fr Ra
Electropositive elements:
Readily give up electrons
to become + ions.
Electronegative elements:
Readily acquire electrons
to become - ions.
Chapter 2 - 9
Electronegativity
Ranges from 0.9 to 4.1,
Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.
Smaller electronegativity
Larger electronegativity
Chapter 2 - 10
Ionic bond metal
_______
electrons
nonmetal
_______
electrons
Dissimilar electronegativities
ex: MgO
Mg
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
[Ne] 3s2
Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6
[Ne]
1s2 2s2 2p4
O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6
[Ne]
Chapter 2 - 11
Ionic Bonding
Occurs between + and - ions.
Requires _______________.
Large difference in _________________________.
Example: NaCl
Na (metal)
unstable
Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron
Na (cation)
stable
Coulombic
Attraction
Cl (anion)
stable
Chapter 2 - 12
Ionic Bonding
Energy _________ energy most stable
Energy balance of attractive and ________ terms
A B
EN = EA + ER = + n
r
r
Repulsive energy ER
Interatomic separation r
Net energy EN
Adapted from Fig.
2.10(b), Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
Attractive energy EA
Chapter 2 - 13
Examples: Ionic Bonding
Predominant bonding in _________
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl
Give up electrons
Acquire electrons
Chapter 2 - 14
Covalent Bonding
similar ______________ share electrons
bonds determined by ________ s & p _________
dominate bonding
Example: H2
H2
Each H: has 1 valence e-,
needs 1 more
______________
are the same.
shared 1s electron
from 1st hydrogen
atom
shared 1s electron
from 2nd hydrogen
atom
Fig. 2.12, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Chapter 2 - 15
Bond Hybrization
Carbon can form sp3 _____
orbitals
Fig. 2.14, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from J.E. Brady and F. Senese, Chemistry:
Matter and Its Changes, 4th edition. Reprinted with
permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)
Fig. 2.13, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Chapter 2 - 16
Covalent Bonding: Carbon sp3
Example: CH4
C: has 4 valence e-,
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e-,
needs 1 more
Electronegativities of C and H
are comparable so ________
are shared in covalent bonds.
Fig. 2.15, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from J.E. Brady and F. Senese, Chemistry:
Matter and Its Changes, 4th edition. Reprinted with
permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)
Chapter 2 - 17
Primary Bonding
Metallic Bond -- _________ as electron cloud
Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding
% ionic character =
x (100%)
where XA & XB are _________ electronegativities
Ex: MgO
XMg = 1.3
XO = 3.5
Chapter 2 - 18
Secondary Bonding
Arises from interaction between _________
Fluctuating _________
ex: liquid H 2
_________ electron
H2
H2
clouds
secondary
bonding
H H
H H
secondary
bonding
Adapted from Fig. 2.20,
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Permanent dipoles-molecule induced
-general case:
secondary
bonding
secondary
bonding
H Cl
-ex: liquid HCl
H Cl
-ex: polymer
secon
dary b
ondin
g
Adapted from Fig. 2.22,
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
secondary bonding
Chapter 2 - 19
Summary: Bonding
Comments
Type
Bond Energy
Ionic
Large!
Nondirectional (__________)
Covalent
Variable
large-Diamond
small-Bismuth
Directional
(_____________, ________
polymer chains)
Metallic
Variable
large-Tungsten
small-Mercury
Nondirectional (________)
Secondary
smallest
Directional
inter-chain (_________)
inter-molecular
Chapter 2 - 20
Properties From Bonding: Tm
Bond length, r
Melting Temperature, Tm
Energy
r
_______ energy, Eo
ro
Energy
r
________ Tm
unstretched length
ro
Eo =
bond energy
larger Tm
___________ if Eo is larger.
Chapter 2 - 21
Properties From Bonding:
Coefficient of thermal expansion,
length, L o
coeff. _________ expansion
unheated, T1
heated, T2
L
= (T2 -T1)
Lo
~ symmetric at ro
Energy
___________ length
ro
Eo
Eo
r
_______
________ if Eo is smaller.
smaller
Chapter 2 - 22
Summary: Primary Bonds
Ceramics
Large bond energy
(Ionic & covalent bonding):
Metals
Variable bond energy
(Metallic bonding):
Polymers
_________ Tm
_________ E
moderate
Directional Properties
(Covalent & Secondary):
secon
dary b
large Tm
large E
______
ondin
g
Secondary bonding dominates
small Tm
_________ E
large
Chapter 2 - 23
