WIND ENERGY CONVERSION
TECHNOLOGY AND POWER GENERATION
About Windworld
The WindWorld was established in 1994
with aim to maximize efficiency but
considering safety as the prime
objective
Evolution of Windworld Machines
The first machine to be introduced by
windworld india in 1994 was E-30
Its features were as follows:
It was a geared drive machine
The rotor diameter was 30 meters
Its rated output was 230 KW
The machine is no longer used
E-40
The next to follow was E-40 WEC
It was the first gearless machine
to be introduced
Its rotor diameter was 40 m
Its rated output was 600 KW
E-48
Rated power:
800 kW
Rotor diameter:
48 m
Hub height:
50 m / 55 m / 60 m /
76 m
Turbine concept:
Gearless, variable
speed, single blade
adjustment
Main bearing:
Tapered roller bearing pair
Generator:
ENERCON direct-drive annular
generator
Brake systems:
3 independent pitch control
systems with emergency power
supply, rotor brake, rotor lock
Yaw control:
Active via adjustment gears,
load-dependent damping
Cut-out wind speed:
28 - 34 m/s (with ENERCON
storm control)
Remote monitoring:
ENERCON SCADA
Type:
Upwind rotor with active
pitch control
Rotational direction:
Clockwise
No. of blades:
Swept area:
1,810 m
Blade material:
GRP (epoxy resin);
integrated lightning
protection
Rotational speed:
Variable, 16 - 31 rpm
Pitch control:
ENERCON single blade
pitch system, one
independent pitch system
per rotor blade with
allocated emergency
supply
E-53
Rated power: 800 kW
Rotor
diameter:
52.9 m
Hub height:
60 m / 73 m
Turbine
concept:
Gearless,
variable
speed, single
blade
adjustment
ROTOR
Type:
Upwind rotor with
active pitch
control
Rotational
direction:
Clockwise
No. of blades:
Swept area:
2,198 m
Blade material:
GRP (epoxy resin);
integrated
lightning
protection
Rotational
speed:
Variable, 12 - 28.3
rpm
Pitch control:
ENERCON single
blade pitch
system, one
independent pitch
system per rotor
blade with
allocated
emergency supply
Main bearing:
Tapered roller bearing pair
Generator:
ENERCON direct-drive annular
generator
Grid feeding:
ENERCON inverter
Brake systems:
3 independent pitch control
systems with emergency power
supply, rotor brake, rotor lock
Yaw control:
Active via adjustment gears, loaddependent damping
Cut-out wind speed:
28 - 34 m/s (with ENERCON storm
control)
Remote monitoring:
ENERCON SCADA
Need for alternate form of
energy
Depletion of fossil fuels
Increase in greenhouse
gases emission
Global warming
Rise in demand of energy
needs sustainability
Need for renewable resources
World relies mostly on fossil
fuels.
Around 70% of the energy is
from fossil fuels.
Other than energy
production, industries emit
carbon Dioxide and other
greenhouse gases.
Humans on their part
pollute atmosphere by day
to day activities.
Advantages of renewable resources
Clean environment
Unlimited supply /
Perennial
Zero greenhouse gases
emission
Decentralization
Enables rural / island
electrification
Creating employment
opportunities
Social development
Types of renewable resources
Wind
Solar
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal
Wave
Tidal
OTEC
Wind potential in India
What is wind energy
conversion?
A wind energy system transforms the
kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
or electrical energy that can be harnessed
for practical use.
Mechanical energy is most commonly used
for pumping water and grinding seeds.
Modern wind turbines generate electricity.
Why wind energy system?
Successful technology for clean and safe production of
electricity.
Fastest growing and the largest renewable energy
source.
Globally recognized as environment friendly and
sustainable.
Emerging as a economically competitive source of
energy.
Technology is matured and not complex .
Wind energy will never run out, is freely available and
Causes no pollution.
Wind energy Vs. other forms of
renewable resources
As compared to solar energy
wind turbines can work day and
night. Nearly all countries have
windy areas but few countries
have area conducive for solar
power
Siting a geothermal plant is
very difficult
Biomass to energy involves
burning which leads to
formation of greenhouse
gases
The power generation from
hydro energy is more as
compared to wind
Wave and tidal energy is
intermittent in nature
What is wind turbine?
A wind turbine is a machine that
converts kinetic energy of the wind into
electrical energy
Types of wind turbine
Wind turbines are classified according to
Axis of turbine
Wind direction
Transmission System
No of blades
Axis of turbine
Vertical axis turbine :-it
can mount on lattice
tower at any height . It
have straight vertical
blades.
Horizontal axis turbine :it gives good overall
efficiency. There is no
need of guy wires.
Wind direction
Upwind direction:- In this
turbine rotor face the wind.
It avoids the wind shade
behind the tower.
Downwind direction:- In this
mechanism nacelle face
the wind. It maybe built
without yaw mechanism.
Transmission system
No. of blades
One Bladed Counter
weight, 10%< 2
bladed
Two Bladed gyroscopic
imbalances, 5%< 3
bladed
Three Bladed
How wind turbine works?
Wind Power
Kinetic Energy = mV2
Power in the Wind = AV3
= air density - kg/m3
Swept Area A = R2 (m2) Area of the
circle swept by the rotor.
V = Wind Velocity m/s
The pressure difference at the two ends
of the blades makes the turbine rotate
High
Pressure
Rotor
Blade
s
Drive
Train
Hub
Wind
turbine
component
s
Tower
and
Foundati
on
Aerodyna
mic
system
Shaft
Brake
Yaw
and
pitch
system
Gear
Box
Nacelle
and
main
frame
Couplin
g
Genera
tor
The Windworld Technology
Powe
r
Grid
wind
Transformer
blades
Power electronic
Synchronous generator
Distinctive Features
Gearless Drive
Able to work at low wind speed
Power electronic interface
Efficient storm control system
Real time monitoring through SCADA
system
Extremely safe and protective system
Compatible with fact system
Automatic lubrication system for
mechanical parts
Pitch and yaw control system
Sine wave generator to nullify harmful
radiation
Corrugated transformer
Can work in power limitation mode
3 phase variable
voltage and variable
Over
frequency
voltag
e
arresto
r
Filter
cabine
t
Rectifi
er
cabine
t
DC distribution
Power
cabin
et
400V/33 KV
RSD
box
Power
cabin
et
Transformer
To grid
Excitatio
n
cabinet
3
phase
supply
Power
cabin
et
Slip
ring
body
Nacell
e
cabine
t
Contr
ol
cabin
et
3 phase
supply and
control
signal
Power Flow
Diagram
Power Flow in WEC
Initially in starting the power is taken from the grid
by the machine for the excitation of the rotor
When rotor reaches min. generation RPM,generation
starts
Generated power of the system 1&2 comes into
rectifier cabinet and converted into pulsating DC
When sufficient power is generated from the
generator DC excitation is taken directly from
rectifier cabinet
Overvoltage arrester are connected b/w each phase
and earth
Filter cabinet is used to remove High frequency
harmonics
DC power comes first in DC distribution box via four
positive and four negative cables. Then it is
distributed in all three power cabinets
Power cabinet converts DC power into 3 phase AC
power
Output of all three power cabinets is given to the
transformer for step up purpose to the grid
Rectifier Cabinet
3 PHASE FULL
WAVE FULLY
CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER
Rectified
output to
DC
distributio
n box
3 phase ac supply
To excitation
From
Generator
Rectifier Cabinet
Thyristors are used for rectification, one module contains two
thyristors with series connection
Thyristors are fired at 0 degree angle
The DC obtained at the output is fed to DC distribution box
which is then supplied to power cabinets
After a generation is reached a certain value the excitation to
rotor is supplied by this cabinet
There are two such Rectifier boards for each system
Filter cabinet
It helps in removing high frequency
harmonics from the generated power
Need for removing harmonics:
It generates heating in equipment
Generates vibration in system
Commutation problem for power device
O/p voltage wave form distortion
Excitation cabinet
Smoothing
charging
circuit
Full wave
Uncontrolled
rectifier
Filter
circuit
Variabl
e step
voltage
Rotor
3 phase supply from NCC
Rectifier
Cabinet
After rectifier output reaches 200V
The excitation is taken from rectifier output
The smooth charging of capacitor takes place by
using 3 phase supply and different contactors
The AC supply is converted to DC by rectifier
circuit
The filter circuit is responsible for smoothening
of the output from rectifier circuit
The rotor is supplied voltage in steps
After the output from rectifier cabinet reaches
200V,the supply from NCC is cut and the rotor is
then excited by the rectifier cabinet
Control cabinet
It monitors the entire
WEC and takes action
accordingly
It consist of 5 PCBs viz,
I/O board, Power control,
CAN optical, SCADA ,
Display
Functions of I/O board
Temperature monitoring
Transformer temp.
Outdoor temp.
Control cabinet temp.
Tower temp
Controls
Plant stop
Maintenance Switch
Auto/manual
Yaw control
Pitch control
Quick start
Emergency Stop
Error reset
Extra Features
Door monitoring
Earth fault monitoring
Transformer oil level
Transformer oil pressure
Cabinet heating
Data communication with other system
Tower cooling fan
Function of Power control PCB
Zero crossing detection of
grid supply
Voltage measurement
Current measurement
Phase angle measurement
Auto transformer operation
Plant release
Grid safety circuit
Optical communication with
inverter control PCB
Function of CAN optical
distribution
Optical data collection and
distribution between NCC CAN
PCB,I/O board PCB,Display PCB
Function Of SCADA PCB
Intermediate PCB of SCADA PC and
WEC. This PCB communicates with I/O
board and sends the status of
machine to the SCADA computer
Function Of Display PCB
Used to display the wind parameters,
power generation,blade RPM,etc.
Power Cabinet(The heart of
WEC)
Smootheni
ng circuit
DC
input
Step up
chopper
Capacito
r bank
Hysteres
is bend
inverter
Filter
circuit
3 phase AC
supply to
transforme
Working Of Power Cabinet
At the input of power cabinet rectifier voltage(120-680V) is applied
and filtered by the capacitor
Step up chopper is used when o/p voltage is low
The o/p of the step up chopper is given to the capacitor bank to
maintain constant voltage source
For generating sinewave current two IGBTs from one pair conduct
alternatively
Finally the generated AC is filtered
There 3 such power cabinets in the WEC with the power rating of
350 KW
Nacelle Control Cabinet
It communicates with Control cabinet and
monitors the entire WEC and takes action
accordingly
It is placed at the top in the Nacelle
It consist of 6 PCBs viz, 2-I/O boards,
Anemometer, CAN optical, Optical
distribution ,Earth fault monitoring
Function of I/O boards
I/O board-1
Stator temp.
Aviation lamp
Torque monitoring
Smoke detector
Nacelle cooling fan
Vibration monitor
Rotor speed sensor
Rotor lock indicator
Blade in/out
Quick start
I/O board-2
Cable twist angle
Yaw left/right
Yaw inverter mode
Compact limit
switch
Yaw sensors
Temp. monitoring
Function of CAN optical PCB
Optical data collection and distribution between NCC CAN PCB,I/O
board PCB,Display PCB
Function of Optical distribution PCB
The main purpose of this PCB is to convert optical signal to electrical
signal and vice-versa .In the absence of which the optical signal will
scatter due to rotating parts
Function of Earth fault Monitoring PCB
This PCB is responsible for detecting leakage current from generator
and thereby generating the required signal
Function of Anemometer PCB
It is attached to anemometer and wind vane placed at the outer part
of the nacelle and collects their data and sends to control cabinet
Pitch Mechanism
Blade pitchor simplypitchrefers to
turning theangle of attackof the blades
of aWECinto or out of the wind to
control the production or absorption of
[Link] turbines use this to adjust
the rotation speed and the generated
power
Block Diagram of pitch
system
Pitch
Motor
1.5KW,1500RP
M
DC compound
motor
Relay box
175V DC
DC supply
Pitch Box
230V AC from
Capacitor Box
Pitch Box
Functions:
Optimum power generation
WEC stop in normal condition
WEC stop in emergency condition
Control on rotor speed
Blade angle synchronisation
Overspeed protection
It comprises of
Pitch control board
Pitch power module
Chopper IGBT set
Battery charge circuit
Chopper circuit
Overspeed switch
Relay box
Functions:
Capacitor testing
Emergency mode supply changeover
DC supply provided to pitch motor
In normal mode
In emergency mode
It comprises of
DC supply contactors
Timer relay
Protection fuse
Grid to capacitor changeover
contactor
Capacitor Box
Stores electrical power for blade pitch
out in emergency mode
It comprises of
Two capacitor PCBs
Each PCB having 37 capacitors in series
Both PCBs connected in series
Yaw Mechanism
Smooth
chargin
g
circuit
3 phase
supply
50HZ
3 phase
uncontrolle
d rectifier
Chopper 1
Chopper
resistor 1
DC link
capacitor
-ve
+ve
Chopper 2
Chopper
resistor 2
Four quadrant
inverter
Master
Four quadrant
inverter
Slave
Yaw
motors
1&3
Yaw
motors
2&4
Yawing refers to the rotation of the Nacelle such
that the machine is placed in the direction of the
wind
Since the windworld WEC is an upwind machine
Hence, Yaw mechanism becomes very important
The speed control in Yawing is done by having
variable voltage variable frequency supply
For obtaining the required supply, A yaw
inverter is used
Wind direction and wind speed is measured by
Anemometer
3 phase supply is given to Yaw inverter
O/p of yaw inverter is variable voltage variable
frequency is given to yaw motor
Overvoltage Arrester
In this a non linear
resistance is used
When voltage across
resistor is below rated
voltage, this resistor works
as an open circuit
When high voltage occurs
resistor comes into the
picture so that high
voltage is passed to the
Transformer
The rating of transformer is
950KVA,400/33KV,deltastar,ONAN,DYN11
The transformer is corrugated
type
It is a breatherless transformer
When the pressure inside the
tank increases, the fins expands
increasing the surface area
leading to cooling effect
The Mechanical Components
Blades
Hub
Brakes
Generator
Nacelle
Tower
Foundation
Blades
Taper & Twisted
Thinner towards end
Integrated lightning
protection
Bolted to hub
Material Al, Titanium, Fiber
Reinforced Composites (Glass
fiber, carbon fiber etc.)
Three in total
Hub
Blades are mounted on
Hub
The hub is designed in
such a way so that the
blades are 120 apart
Drive Trains transfer
power from rotor to the
generator
Holds Pitch mechanism
Withstand extreme load
cases
Brakes
Three different braking system are used in WEC
Aerodynamic brakes: This system is related to pitching in and
out the blades. Pitch in increases the RPM while pitch out
reduces the RPM of the rotor, thereby acting as a braking
system
Hydraulic brakes: Very similar to one used in automobiles.
Works on the principle of Pascal's law. During braking a
hydraulically actuated calliper pushes brake pad against the
disk
Mechanical brakes/Rotor lock: A rotor pin is inserted into the
slots made in rotor for the very purpose with help of a guiding
plate
Generator
The WW-53 is a multi-pole variable
speed generator. Due to this and power
electronics, the gear box which steps
up speed to meet the speed of the
induction generator, is eliminated;
resulting in reduced transmission
losses, and elimination of wear and tear
of the gear box, and oil leakage
associated with it.
The speed of the generator rotor is the
speed of the hub rotor, 29.5 RPM
maximum for the WW-53. Thus it
rotates at 40 and 30 times lower speed
than gear box type turbines, resulting
in very low wear and tear.
The synchronous generator with its
electronics, provides an excellent
operational band width i.e. Voltage 415
20% V Frequency 50 5 Hz.
Nacelle
Houses the internal
components and
protect from weather
conditions.
Reduces mechanical
noises.
Made of Fibre
Reinforced
Composite material.
Tower
Towers comprise 18 sections, each of 3.5
mts height and all are held together by
pre-stressed cables for stability in
extreme load conditions, across its entire
life span.
Final 2 sections are of steel.
The total tower height - 74 mts.
Total weight 470 tonnes approx.
Towers are made from M55 grade
concrete.
Superior resonance.
Better corrosion resistance; virtually
maintenance free.
Superior Seismic stability.
Concrete tower are maintenance free,
for their entire life span.
Foundation
The foundation of a Wind
turbine must be sufficient to
keep the turbine upright
and stable under the most
extreme design conditions
At most sites, the
foundation is constructed as
a reinforced concrete pad
Installation on rock: rods
grouted into holes drilled
deep in to the rock
Sensors and protection system
RPM sensor:Used for measuring the RPM of the rotor
Vibration ball:Used to turn off machine in case of
situation such as earthquake
Torque monitoring sensor:If the torque goes beyond 4
times its rated value,then it turns off the machine
Overspeed sensor:Activates when the RPM of the
blade goes beyond 41-42 RPM
Oscillation sensor:Used to sense longitudinal as well
as transversal oscillations
Temp. sensor:PT100,PTC140 used to monitor stator
winding and rotor temp.
Airgap Switch: Used to prevent the rotor and the stator
coming into the contact
Smoke detector:In case of fire or related hazards,it gives
signal to I/O board
Yaw motor pulsar:It helps in determining the RPM and
direction of yaw motor
Blade angle encoder:Used to measure blade angle position
Cable twist limit switch:Due to yawing the power and control
cables get twisted,if the twisting goes beyond the limit this
switch activates and untwists the cables by yawing in
opposite direction
Acoustic sensor:used for sensing noise above 4dB such as in
the case of IGBT blast
Hygroscope:Used for measuring humidity of power cabinet
and sends signal accordingly
Earth fault monitoring:Used for detecting leakage currents in
the generator
Lightning System
Blade tip
Earth
pits
Discharg
e ring
Catch
hook
Tower
basement
earthing bus
bar
Stator
ring
Copper bus
bar at main
carrier
Stator
jib
Main
carrier
Sliding
contact
Earth pit
Tower
body
Yaw rim
Recent developments in wind
sector
Integration of two or more renewable
energy
sources / generation systems as a
solutions to meet
local requirement of specific location / end
application
EWICON
EWICON (short for Electrostatic WInd energy
CONvertor) creates potential energy with charged
particles in this case, water droplets. The current
design consists of a steel frame holding a series of
insulated tubes arranged horizontally. Each tube
contains several electrodes and nozzles, which
continually release positively-charged water
particles into the air. As the particles are blown
away, the voltage of the device changes and
creates an electric field, which can be transferred
to the grid for everyday use.
Advantages Of EWICON
Noiseless
Suitable for urban areas
Does not cause hindrance to
birds
The shadows due to
movement of the blades is
eliminated
Can be used in any shapes
and sizes
Thanking You!
[Link] Sharma(DEAN,WTA)
[Link] Sagar
[Link] Desai
[Link] Tandel
[Link] VC
[Link] Patil(ASL)
[Link] Chape(TSL)
[Link] Karwa(TSL)
