1.
Hardish Trivedi
Student @department of
mechanical engineering
2.Prof H A PATEL
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Contents
Introduction
Solar cooling path and local conditions
Performances
Refrigerants
Heat-driven systems
Electricity-driven systems
Comparisons
Review from the ISES congress
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
D e s s ic a n t c y c le
E je c to r c y c le
2 0 °C
3 0 0 °C
R a n k in e c y c le A ir -c o n d itio n in g
C o n c e n tra tin g
heat
1 5 0 °C 1 5 °C
S o la r T h e rm a l ETC
A b s o r p tio n
C o lle c to r s 1 0 0 °C
- F la t P la t e F la t P la te
-E v a c u a te d T u b e 7 0°C
- C o n c e n tr a t in g
A d s o r p tio n 8 °C
Food,
C h e m ic a l r e a c tio n V a c c in e S to r a g e
0 °C
T h e r m o -e le c tr ic c y c le
F r e e z in g
electricity
Photovoltaics
V a p o u r c o m p r e s s io n
S tir lin g c y c le
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Performance
• COP of the refrigeration sub-system
– Thermal-driven system
Qe
COP
(Qin W )
– Electricity-driven system
Qe
COPelec
W
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
System Performance
• STR (System Thermal Ratio)?
Qe
STR
Qs
• SEE (System electrical efficiency)?
Qe
SEE
W
• System efficiency??
Qe
system
(Qs W )
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Working fluids
• Solar collector Q s
sub-cycle S o la r C o lle c t o r
• Refrigeration sub- G e n e ra to r
W
cycle Pum p
Q c
C ondenser E je c t o r
5
T h r o ttle
v a lv e
E v a p o ra to r
Q e
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Refrigerants
1. Physical and thermodynamics characteristics
2. Environmental impact
3. Safety
4. Economic and availability
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Condenser
Compressor
Exp. electricity
device PV
Evaporator
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven
Absorption
systems
S
col olar
Condenser lec
tor
Generator
Heat
exchanger
Exp valve
Regulating
valve Pump
Evaporator
Absorber
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
Adsorption
Condenser
Condenser Desorbed
vapour
Sorber
Sorber
Evaporator
Qcs Evaporator
Refrigeration Regeneration
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
Chemical reaction
Condenser
gas
Reservoir
Captor-adsorber generator
Evaporator
liquid
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
Desiccant system
Humidifier
Heater
Humidifier
Desiccant Wheel Heat Exchanger
Wheel
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
• Rankine
Electricity
production
Boiler Condenser
Pump Alternator Exp.
Turbine Compressor device
Condenser Evaporator
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Heat-driven systems
Ejector
Solar Collector
Generator
Pump
Ejector
Condenser
Exp.
device
Evaporator
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
PV-driven systems
Thermo-electric (Peltier)
Q1
Hot side
Heat rejecting surface
t1
P N P N P N
t2
Heat absorbing surface
Cold side
Q2 PV
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
PV-driven systems
Heat
Stirling source
Regenerator
Heat
exchanger Heat
Exchanger
Cold Hot
side side
Expansion Compression
space space
Co
mp n
pis ress nsio
ton ion pa on
Ex pist
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
Photovoltaic-driven systems
Power
for 1 W of
Working
Systems refrigeration
COP Applications Advantages Disadvantages
effect Fluids
(W)
Vapor-compression
Condenser - High COP - Installation cost is high
- Long term experience and it requires battery
Compressor
R134a, and widely commercial for energy backup.
Exp.
device
electricity
PV
12-50 3-5 R290, Refrigeration
available
or etc.
- Adjustable from a
Evaporator small to a large system
Thermo-electric (Peltier)
- No working fluid and - Low COP
Q1
Hot side
no moving parts - Difficult to achieve a low
Heat rejecting surface - Quiet refrigeration
t1 - Small size and light temperature
P N P N P N
t2
A few W 0.5 - Refrigeration weight - Low reliability especially
when the power supply
Heat absorbing surface is cut.
Cold side
Q2 PV
Stirling
Heat
source
- High COP for high - High production cost
temperature difference - Complexity in design
Regenerator
Heat
exchanger Heat
Exchanger
- Can be used for
Cold Hot
cryogenic applications
side side and it is mechanically
He, more simple than other
Expansion
space
Compression
space
3-17 3 H2, Refrigeration application for low
Air temperature operation.
- Environmental friendly
working fluid
- Mobility and light
weight
Remark: COP is a coefficient of performance of the refrigeration
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL) sub-system. It shows how much heat can be removed from a cold region for
each unit of energy used.
Solar thermal-driven systems
Gen. /
Regen. Working
Systems COP Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Temp. Fluids
(°C)
Absorption
- Only one moving part - Low COP
Condenser (pump) with possibly no - It cannot achieve a very low
Generator 0.6-0.8 NH3/H2O, Refrigeration moving part for a small evaporating temperature.
Heat
exchanger
80-190 (single stage) H2O/LiCl, and system - The system is quite
Exp valve
Regulating
valve Pump
1.3 H2O/LiBr Air-condition - Low-temperature heat complicated.
(2 stages) supply is possible.
Evaporator
Absorber
Adsorption - High weight and poor thermal
- No moving part (except conductivity of the adsorbent.
Condenser valve) For high capacity system, it
Condenser Desorbed
vapour can cause long-term
- Low operating problems.
H2O/Zeolite, temperature can be
Sorber - Low operating pressure
Methanol/ achieved.
80-300 0.3-0.8 Activated
Refrigeration requirement makes it difficult
- Thermal COP is quite to achieve air-tightness.
Evaporator
Sorber carbon high compared to other - Very sensitive to low
Evaporator
Qcs
heat operating system. temperature especially the
decreasing temperature
Refrigeration Regeneration
during nighttime.
- It is an intermittent system.
Desiccant
- Environmentally - It cannot function properly
friendly, water is used in a humid area.
as the working fluid. - It is not appropriate for an
Humidifier
- Can be integrated with area where water is
40-100 0.5-1.5 water Air-condition
a ventilation and scarcity.
Heater
heating system. - Requires maintenance due
Humidifier
to moving part in a rotor
Desiccant Wheel Heat Exchanger
Wheel
wheel.
Ejector
- Low temperature heat - Low COP
Solar Collector Water, source can be used.
butane,
Generator - Low operating and
Pump 80-150 0.3-0.8 R141b, Air-condition
installation cost.
Condenser
Ejector
R245fa,
Exp. or etc.
device
Evaporator 06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
06M55(8TH MECHANICAL)
