SEMINAR ON
VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF TURBO
DECODER
Hitesh Choudhary(Roll No. 35)
CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION
TURBO CODES
TURBO ENCODING OPERATION
TURBO DECODING OPERATION
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INTRODUCTION TO TURBO CODES
In communication systems, signal degradation due to noise translates to an
abundance of bit errors. Turbo codes are one of the error correcting codes
used.
Turbo codes were proposed by Berrou and Glavieux in the 1993 International
Conference in Communications.
The use of these codes has been proposed for several applications where
highly reliable transmission is required at very low signal to noise ratio
(SNR).
The need of low power, high speed and low area turbo decoders are very
much felt in present communication systems.
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TURBO CODES
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TURBO PRINCIPLE
Turbo codes get their name because the decoder uses
feedback, like a turbo engine.
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TURBO CODES:
A turbo code is the parallel concatenation
convolutional codes.
Concatenated codes can be classified as either
parallel concatenated convolutional codes (PCCCs)
serial concatenated convolutional codes (SCCCs)
Performance within 0.5 dB of the channel
capacity limit for BPSK was demonstrated.
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PCCCS
Parallel Concatenated Convolutional
Codes(PCCCs)
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PCCCS FEATURES(CONTD.)
A stronger code can be created by encoding in parallel.
A non uniform interleaver changes the ordering of bits
at the input of the second encoder
It is very unlikely that both encoders produce low
weight code words.
MUX increases code rate from 1/3 to 1/2.
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PCCCS BLOCK DIAGRAM
Systematic Output
Input Encoder
#1 xi
MUX
Parity
Output
Encoder
#2
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SCCCS FEATURES
Serial Concatenated Convolutional Codes(PCCCs)
SCCCs do not suffer from shallow an error floor as
PCCCs.
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OTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE TURBO PRINCIPLE
The turbo-principle is more general than its
application to the decoding of turbo codes
Other applications of the turbo principle include:
Decoding serially concatenated codes
Combined equalization and error correction decoding
Combined multiuser detection and error correction
decoding.
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TURBO CODES
Turbo code advantages:-
Remarkable power efficiency in AWGN and flat-
fading channels for moderately low BER.
Turbo code disadvantages:-
Long latency due to large frame sizes.
Less beneficial at high SNR.
Because turbo codes operate at very low SNR channel
estimation and tracking is a critical issue.
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TURBO ENCODING OPERATION
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CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING
An RSC encoder can be constructed from a
standard convolutional encoder by feeding back
one of the outputs.
An RSC encoder has an infinite impulse response.
An arbitrary input will cause a “good” (high
weight) output with high probability.
Some inputs will cause “bad” (low weight) outputs.
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CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING
x i( 0 )
mi xi
D D
x i(1 )
mi x i( 0 )
xi
ri
D D
x i(1 )
Parity output
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WHY INTERLEAVING AND RECURSIVE ENCODING?
In a coded systems:
Performance is dominated by low weight code words.
A “good” code:
will produce low weight outputs with very low probability.
An RSC code:
Produces low weight outputs with fairly low probability.
However, some inputs still cause low weight outputs.
Because of the interleaver:
The probability that both encoders have inputs that cause low weight outputs
is very low.
Therefore the parallel concatenation of both encoders will produce a “good”
code.
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TURBO DECODING OPERATION
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ITERATIVE DECODING
There is one decoder for each elementary encoder.
Each decoder estimates the a posteriori probability (APP) of
each data bit.
The APP’s are used as a priori information by the other
decoder.
Decoding continues for a set number of iterations.
• Performance generally improves from iteration to iteration,
but follows a law of diminishing returns.
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ITERATIVE DECODING BLOCK DIAGRAM
Deinterleaver
APP
APP
Interleaver
systematic Decoder Decoder
data #1 #2
parity
data DeMUX
Interleaver
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FEATURES:-
A turbo decoder consists of two elementary
decoders that work cooperatively.
Soft-in soft-out (SISO) decoders.
• Implemented with Log-MAP algorithm
Feedback.
• Each decoder produces a posteriori information, which is
used as a priori information by the other decoder.
• Iterative
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SOFT-INPUT SOFT-OUTPUT (SISO) DECODING ALGORITHMS
Trellis-Based
Estimation Algorithms
Viterbi MAP
Algorithm Algorithm
SOVA max-log-MAP
Improved log-MAP
SOVA
Sequence Symbol-by-symbol
Estimation Estimation
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QUERIES PLEASE…
Thank You.
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