Chapter 2
Basic Elements of C++
Outline
1.
The Basics of a C++ Program
2.
Data Types
3.
Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
4.
Expressions
5.
Type Conversion (Casting)
6.
string type
7.
Input
8.
Increment and Decrement Operators
9.
Output
10.
Processor Directives
11.
Creating a C++ Program
1. The Basics of a C++ Program
// This is a C++ program. It prints the sentence :
// Welcome to C++ Programming
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << Welcome to C++ Programming. << endl;
return 0;
}
1. The Basics of a C++ Program
C++ Program
Editor
Preprocessor (#)
Library
Compiler
Linker
Loader
Execution (Running)
Syntax Error
1. The Basics of a C++ Program: Comments
Comments are added to the program to explain the
meaning of some statements.
Comments are for the reader not for the compiler.
Two common types of comments:
// for one-line comments
/*
*/ for multiple-line comments
1. The Basics of a C++ Program: Special Symbols
Mathematical symbols
Punctuation marks
=<
==
=!
=>
Tokens
1. The Basics of a C++ Program: Reserved Words
C++ Reserved words = Keywords.
Example: int, float, double, char, const, void, return,
class,
Lower case letters for the keywords.
Cant be defined.
1. The Basics of a C++ Program: Identifiers
C++ variable names defined by the user or predefined
Identifiers can be a combination of letters, digits, and
the underscore character (_)
Identifiers must begin with a letter or _
Identifiers can be of any length
Examples: first, conversion, payRate, counter1
1. The Basics of a C++ Program: Identifiers
Illegal Identifier
Description
Employee Salary
Spaces are not allowed
!Hello
Is not allowed!
One+two
+ Is not allowed
2nd
Cant begin with a digit
2. Data Types
C++ Data Types
Integral
Simple
Structured
Floating-Point
Enumeration
char, short, int, long, bool,
unsigned char
unsigned short
unsigned int
unsigned long
float
double
long double
Pointers
2. Data Types
Data Type
Values
Storage (in bytes)
int
to 2147483647 2147483648-
bool
true and false
()char
to 127 128-
3. Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
Standard arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, and %
% has to be used with only integers to find the reminder.
/ when used with integers it gives an integer quotient.
Operators can be binary (+, -, *, /, and % ) or unary (!)
3. Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
2 + 5 = 10
20 34 = -14
{
cout << 2 + 5 = << 2 + 5 << endl;
cout << 20 34 = << 20 - 34 << endl;
cout << 2 * 10 = << 2 * 10 << endl;
cout << 8 / 3 = << 8 / 3 << endl;
cout << 11 % 3 = << 11 % 3 << endl;
return 0;
}
Sample run (Output):
2 * 10 = 20
8/3=2
11 % 3 = 2
3. Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
Sample run (Output):
5.0 + 3.5 = 8.5
4.2 * 2.5 = 10.5
{
cout << 5.0 + 3.5 = << 5.0 + 3.5 << endl;
cout << 4.2 * 2.5 = << 4.2 * 2.5 << endl;
cout << 5.0 / 2.0 = << 5.0 / 2.0 << endl;
return 0;
{
5.0 / 2.0 = 2.5
3. Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
C++ uses the operator precedence rules to evaluate a
mixed-operator expressions.
*, /, and % has higher level than + and
*, /, and % have the same level of precedence.
Operations are performed from left to right for samelevel operators.
3. Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
6+4/5*2+67*3
Initial expression
6 + ((4 / (5 * 2)) + (6 (7 * 3))) =
Equivalent expression
6 + ((4 / 10) + (6 - 21)) =
*)Evaluate(
6 + (2 + (6 21)) =
)Evaluate /, Integer Division(
6+ (2 + 15) =
-)Evaluate(
=6 + 17
+)Evaluate first(
23 =
+)Evaluate(
4. Expressions
An expressions is a combination between operators (+, *, /, -, %),
numbers (2, 4.5, ), and variables (x, y, )
Integer expressions:
2+3*5
3 + x y / 7 (if x and y are integers)
x + 2 * (y - z) + 18 (if x, y, and x are integers)
Floating-point expressions:
12.8 * 17.5 34.5
x * 10.5 + y 16.2 (x, y, and x are float)
Mixed expressions:
2 + 3.5 (= 5.5)
6 / 4 + 3.9 (= 4.9)
5. Type Conversion (Casting)
The cast operator, also called type conversion or type casting takes the
following form: static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)
Expression
Evaluates to
static_cast<int>(7.9)
static_cast<double>(25)
25.0
static_cast<double>(5+3)
8.0
static_cast<double>(15)/2
15.0/2 = 7.5
static_cast<double>(15/2)
7.0
6. string Type
A string is sequence of 0 or more characters.
Strings in C++ are enclosed in double quotation marks.
A string containing no characters is called a null or empty string.
Example of strings: , ITCS 101 103, Hello
Every character in a string has a relative position in a string. The
relative positions start from 0.
The length of string is the number of its characters.
To use a string in C++ program, you have to add the directive
#include<string> at the top of the program.
7. Input
To handle data and perform calculations, we need to allocate
memory and include statements in the program to put data into
the allocated memory.
Some data must stay constant throughout a program, some other
is variable.
const dataType identifier = value; // for constants
const double CONVERSION = 2.54;
const int NO_OF_STUDENTS = 30;
const char BLANK = ;
const double PAY_RATE = 15.75;
const float PAY_RATE = 15.75f;
7. Input
A variable: A memory location whose content may change during
program execution.
Syntax to declare a variable
dataType identifier1, identifier2, ;
Examples
double amountDue;
int counter;
int x, y;
string name;
7. Input: Putting Data into Variables
You can place data into variables in two ways:
Use C++s assignment statement.
Use input (read) statements.
Assignment: variable = expression;
int num1, num2;
double sale;
char first;
string str;
num1 = 4;
num2 = 4*5-11;
sale = 0.02*1000;
first = 'D';
str = "It's a sunny day.";
int num1 = 4, num2 = 4*5-11;
double sale = 0.02*1000;
char first = 'D;
string str = "It's a sunny day.";
7. Input: walk-through
Statement
Values of the variables
Explanation
int num1, num2, num3;
?
num1
?
num2
?
num3
num1 = 18;
18
num1
?
num2
?
num3
num1 = num1 + 27;
45
num1
?
num2
?
num3
num1 + 27 = 18 + 27 = 45
45 will be assigned to num1.
num2 = num1;
45
num1
45
num2
?
num3
Copy the value of num1 into
num2.
num3 = num2 / 5;
45
num1
45
num2
9
num3
num2 / 5 = 45 / 5 = 9. This
value is assigned to num3.
num3 = num3 / 4
45
num1
45
num2
2
num3
num3 / 4 = 9 / 4 = 2. This
value is assigned to num3.
7. Input: Putting Data into Variables
Read Statement: cin>>variable1>>variable2;
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int feet, inches;
cout << "Enter two integers separated by spaces: ";
cin >> feet >> inches;
cout << endl;
cout << "Feet = " << feet << endl;
cout << "Inches = " <<inches << endl;
return 0;
Output:
}
Enter two integers separated by spaces: 23 7
Feet = 23
Inches 7
7. Input: cin: Example 2
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x, y;
cout << "Enter two integers separated by spaces: ";
cin >> x >> y;
cout << endl;
cout << x + y = " << x + y << endl;
cout << x - y = " << x - y << endl;
cout << x * y = " << x * y << endl;
cout << x / y = " << x / y << endl;
return 0;
}
8. Increment and Decrement Operators
To simplify statements like var = var + 1; or var = var 1; C++
provides two operators: increment and decrement
Increment:
Pre-increment: ++var;
Post-increment: var++;
Decrement:
Pre-decrement: --var;
Post-decrement: var--;
8. Increment and Decrement Operators: Example
C++ Expressions
x = 5;
y = ++x;
// x = 5 and y = 6
x = 5;
y = x++;
// x = 6 and y = 5
a = 5;
b = 2 + (++a);
// a = 6 and b = 8
a = 5;
b = 2 + (a++);
// a = 6 and b = 7
9. Output
Write Statement: cout<< expression or manipulator << ;
<< is called the stream insertion operator (>> stream extraction
operator).
The expression is evaluated and its value is printed at the
current insertion point on the output device.
A manipulator is used to format the output (endl is the simplest).
The standard output devise is the screen.
9. Output: Examples
Statement
cout << 29 / 4 << endl;
cout << Hello there. << endl;
Output
7
Hello there.
cout << Hello \n there. << endl;
Hello
there
cout << 4 + 7 << endl;
4+7
cout << A << endl;
cout << 4 + 7 = << 4 + 7 << endl;
A
4 + 7 = 11
9. Output: Escape Sequences
Symbol
Escape Sequence
Description
\n
Newline
Cursor moves to the beginning of the
next line
\t
Tab
Cursor moves to the next tab stop
\b
Backspace
Cursor moves one space to the left
\r
Return
Cursor moves to the beginning of the
current line
\\
Backslash
Backslash is printed
Single Quotation
Single Quotation is printed
Double Quotation
Double Quotation is printed
10. Preprocessor Directives
Preprocessor
directives
are
commands
supplied
to
the
preprocessor to modify the text of a C++ program before it is
compiled.
They are placed at the top of the program.
Syntax: #include <HeaderFileName>
Example: #include<iostream> // to allow the program using the
C++ identifiers cin and cout.
11. Creating a C++ Program
preprocessor directives to include header files
using statement
declare named constants, if necessary
int main()
{
statement 1
.
.
.
stement n
return 0;
}
