Overview of
LTE - System
Reference
LTE for UMTS (Harri Holma and Antti Toskala)
3GPP-Spec.(TS - 36 Series)
Nokia - material document for LTE(R8)
Samsung - material document for LTE(R8)
Nortel & Huawei material document for R99, R5
QCAT (Qualcomm Analysis Toolkit)
Draft Version 1.0
Only for internal use;
Confidential document
Contents
1. Introduction of LTE System
- Overview of Mobile telecom & 3GPP Road Map
- LTE System technical feature
- System Performance / Architecture
- Frame Structure (FDD / TDD)
- Physical Layer resource / Channel algorism (UL / DL)
2. CSI-feedback type & Transmission-mode
for MIMO
3. LTE System RRC-Layer Protocol & Mobility
- Comparison of System Information Block between
UTRAN & E-UTRAN
- Call Processing & Signaling
- Overview of LTE Mobility (RRC-State / Handover)
* Appendix: Technical - issue withSigma LA & PA
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1. Introduction of LTE System
- Overview of Mobile telecom & 3GPP Road Map
- LTE(R8) system technical feature
For internal use only
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Mobile Telecom Road-Map
Mobility
1995
2005
2000
2010+
4G
High
Speed
3G
(IMT 2000)
2G
Medium
Speed
1G
( Analog )
( Digital )
Mobile
WiMAX
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.A
(802.16/16e)
W-CDMA/HSDPA
CDMA/GSM/TDMA
AMPS
2.4 GHz
WLAN
Low
Speed
PAN
144 kbps
- LTE : Long Term Evolution
- WPAN : Wireless Personal Access Network
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High speed
WLAN
5 GHz
WLAN
802.11n
802.11a/g
802.11b
~ 14.4 kbps
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LTE Rel-10
(LTE Advanced)
802.16m
3G LTE
(Rel-8/9)
Bluetooth
384 kbps
WPAN
UWB
RFID
ZigBee
MANet
802.15
<50 Mbps
<100 Mbps
Data
Rates
- OFDMA : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
- UWB : Ultra Wideband
Overview of 3GPP Technical Road Map
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Overview of 3GPP Technical Feature
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Overview of LTE(R8) Technical Feature
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Overview of LTE(R8) Technical Feature
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Overview of LTE(R8) Major system parameters
* What is OFDM & OFDMA?
OFDM & OFDMA
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Overview of LTE(R8) UE Categories
(Channel B/W)
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Overview of LTE(R8) Radio Frequency Band List
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Supported Interworking between Radio Access
Technologies
Mobile-WiMax
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Overview of LTE Enhancements(R9 & R10)
(FemtoCell)
(DL: 8x8, UL: 4x4)
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Summarization of LTE System(R8)
System BW
1.4 / 3 / 5 / 10 / 15 / 20 MHz
Multiple Access
Downlink : OFDMA / Uplink : SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA)
Duplex method
FDD (frame type1) & TDD (frame type 2)
Frame structure
Frame-TTI: 10ms (20 slots), Sub-frame -TTI: 1ms (2 slots) for FDD
Round Trip delay Time: the latency of LTE is reduced to 10ms RTT
Cf) WCDMA: 150ms / HSPA: 100ms / HSPA+: 50ms / LTE: 10ms
AMC (Adaptive Modulation Coding)
Channel dependent scheduling and link adaptation (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM)
ICIC (Inter-cell Interference Coordination)
Supported for both DL & UL based on network signaling
HARQ with soft combining
8TTI retransmission time
Multiple antenna support (Depends on Transmission mode)
Spatial Multiplexing, Beam-forming, Antenna Diversity
DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable
UL: 1x2 MU-MIMO, 2x2 SU-MIMO
MBSFN (Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network)
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1. Introduction of LTE System
- LTE(R8) System performance
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LTE(R8) Performance verification results in 3GPP
Peak Rates (@20MHz BW, 64QAM)
MIMO - Scheme
Peak Rate
[Mbps]
DL 2x2 (64QAM)
150
DL 4x4 (64QAM)
300
UL No MIMO
75
Avg. VOIP Capacity
[users/sector/5MHz]
Simulation Cases
3GPP RAN1 official summary (07.04)
Inter-Site Distance : 500m
317
UL
241
10MHz BW
DL Mean User
Tput [Mbps]
DL Edge User
Tput [Kbps]
10MHz BW
UL Mean User
Tput [Mbps]
UL Edge User
Tput [Kbps]
2x2 SU-MIMO
17
500
1x2 SIMO
7.3
240
4x2 SU-MIMO
19
600
1x4 SIMO
11
520
4x4 SU-MIMO
27
800
2x2 SU-MIMO
7.8
100
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DL
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LTE(R8) Performance verification results in 3GPP
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1. Introduction of LTE System
- LTE(R8) System Architecture
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Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture
Subsystems
The EPS architecture goal is to optimize the system for packet data transfer.
There are no circuit switched components. The EPS architecture is made up of:
EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE
eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE
*EPS Architecture
LTE or eUTRAN
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SAE or EPC
EPC provides access to
external packet IP
networks and performs a
number of CN related
functions (e.g. QoS,
security, mobility and
terminal context
management) for idle
and active terminals
eUTRAN performs all
radio interface related
functions
System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
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LTE/SAE Network Elements
Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS36.300
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
HSS
eNB
Mobility
Management
Entity
Policy &
Charging Rule
Function
S6a
X2
S1
ME
-M
MME
S10
S7
Rx+
PCRF
S11
S5/S8
S1-U
LTE-Uu
LTE-UE
Evolved Node B
(eNB)
Serving
Gateway
SGi
PDN
Gateway
SAE
Gateway
NOTE: Interface names are from draft specification and may not be the final interface names.
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PDN
LTE Network Interfaces
<Two types of interfaces>
S1: Many-to-many relationship
between eNBs and core
network nodes
(Access Gateways, aGW)
X2: Direct interfacing between
adjacent eNBs
for handover and RRM without
involving the EPC
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
S1
eNB
eNB
eNB
eNB
Evolved UTRAN (LTE)
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eNB
eNB
eNB
eNB
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X2
eNB
eNB
<Advantages>
Minimises single points of
failure above eNBs
All radio-related issues are
handled in the RAN
Allows RAN Sharing
LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface
(E)-RRC
User
User PDUs
PDUs
.. User
User PDUs
PDUs
<LTE-Uu interface>
PDCP
RLC
TS 36.300
MAC
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
(FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
eNB
LTE-Uu Interface
X2-CP
(Control Plane)
TS 36.423
TS 36.422
TS 36.421
X2-UP
(User Plane)
GTP-U
SCTP
UDP
IP
IP
L1/L2
L1/L2
X2-Interface
TS 36.424
TS 36.421
TS 36.420
[currently also in TS 36.300 20]
eNB
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UL
FDD and TDD duplex methods
Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently
20 MHz
<X2 interface>
User
User PDUs
PDUs
X2-AP
Air interface of LTE
Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in
Inter eNB interface
X2AP: special signalling protocol
Functionalities:
In inter- eNB HO to facilitate handover
and provide data forwarding.
In RRM to provide e.g. load
information to neighbouring eNBs to
facilitate interference management.
Logical interface: It does not need
direct site-to-site connection, i.e. it can
be routed via core network as well
S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces
S1 interface is divided into two parts:
S1-MME interface
Control interface between eNB and
MME
S1AP:S1 Application Protocol
MME and UE will exchange nonaccess stratum signaling via eNB
through this interface ( i.e.
authentication, tracking area updates)
S1-U interface
User plane interface between eNB and
serving gateway.
Pure user data interface (U=User plane)
E-UTRAN(LTE) RRC:
36331-8c0
UTRAN(WCDMA,HSPA) RRC:
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25331-8d0
S1-MME
(Control Plane)
NAS
NAS Protocols
Protocols
TS 36.413
S1-AP
TS 36.412
SCTP
MME
IP
eNB
L1/L2
TS 36.411
S1-U
(User Plane)
User
User PDUs
PDUs
GTP-U
TS 36.414
UDP
IP
TS 36.411
L1/L2
TS 36.410
[currently in TS 36.300 19]
Serving
Gateway
1. Introduction of LTE System
- Frame structure (FDD/TDD)
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Frame Structure (For TDD only)
The radio frame structure type 2 is used for TDD
consists of two half-frames with a duration of 5ms each and containing each 8 slots of
length 0.5ms and three special fields (DwPTS, GP and UpPTS) which have configurable
individual lengths and a total length of 1ms
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Frame Structure (For TDD only)
The radio frame structure type 2 is used for TDD
consists of two half-frames with a duration of 5ms each and containing each 8 slots of
length 0.5ms and three special fields (DwPTS, GP and UpPTS) which have configurable
individual lengths and a total length of 1ms
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Frame Structure (For TDD only)
- TDD UL/DL Switch Points
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Frame Structure (FDD)
The radio frame structure type 1 is used for FDD
(for both full duplex and half duplex operation) and has a duration of 10ms and
consists of 20 slots with a slot duration of 0.5ms
Two adjacent slots form one sub-frame of length 1ms
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1. Introduction of LTE System
- Physical Resource Block specific
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Radio Resource reference
The set of allowed values for NULRB is given by 36.104
Channel B/W
1.4 [Mhz]
3[Mhz]
5[Mhz]
10[Mhz]
15[Mhz]
20[Mhz]
Number of RB
15
25
50
75
100
#Subcarriers
(NRBDL x NSCRB)
6x12=72
15x12=180
25x12=300
50x12=600
75x12=900
100x12=1200
DL Transmission
bandwidth
configuration
(NRBDL x 180khz)
6x180=1.080M
hz
15x180=2.
7Mhz
25x180=4.5
Mhz
50x180=9.0Mhz
75x180=13.5
Mhz
100x180=18Mhz
The number of SC-FDMA symbols in a slot depends on the cyclic prefix length
configured by higher layers and is given in table below
Configuration
Normal cyclic prefix
12
Extended cyclic prefix
12
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UL
N symb
N scRB
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<DL-BW configuration for OFDMA>
Radio Resource reference (DL-OFDMA)
OFDMA is an excellent choice of multiplexing scheme for the 3GPP E-UTRAN downlink
Although it involves added complexity in terms of resource scheduling, it is vastly superior to
packet-oriented approaches in terms of efficiency and latency
In OFDMA, users are allocated a specific number of sub-carriers for a predetermined
amount of time
Allocation of PRBs is handled by a scheduling function at the 3GPP base station (eNodeB)
The generic frame structure is used with FDD
These are referred to as physical resource blocks (PRBs) in the E-UTRAN specifications
PRBs thus have both a time and frequency dimension
Alternative frame structures are defined for use with TDD
As shown in figure below, LTE frames are 10 ms in duration
They are divided into 10 sub-frames, each sub-frame being 1 ms long
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Each sub-frame is further divided into two slots, each of 0.5 ms duration
Slots consist of either 6 or 7 ODFM symbols, depending on whether the normal or extended cyclic prefix is
employed
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Radio Resource reference (DL-OFDMA)
The OFDM symbols in a slot are transmitted in increasing order of l , starting with l=0 ,
where OFDM symbol l>0 starts at time
N
l 1
l ' 0
N Ts
Within the slot
the NCP,l values are given in 36.211 as below
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CP ,l '
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Radio Resource reference (DL-OFDMA)
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Radio Resource reference (DL-OFDMA)
Why OFDMA instead of OFDM ?
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
The basic idea is to assign subcarriers to users based
on their bit rate services
With this approach it is quite easy to handle high
and low bit rate users simultaneously in a single
system.
But, it was difficult to run highly variable traffic
efficiently.
The solution is assign to each single-user.
it called resource blocks or scheduling blocks
Such block is simply a set of some subcarriers over
some time.
A single user can be use one or more Resource
blocks
1 UE 1
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2 UE 2
3 UE 3
common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA
time
...
subcarrier
2 ...
2 2 ...
1 1
1
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
1
3 ...
3 ...
3 ...
2 ...
. .
. .
. .
...
...
Resource Block (RB)
Radio Resource Block description(OFDMA)
- Resource Block configuration
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Radio Resource Block description(OFDMA)
Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB):
- 12 subcarriers in frequency domain (180kHz) x 1 slot period in time domain
(0.5ms)
Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
180
KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
B
R
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Subcarrier 12
refers to 0.5ms, in some cases it is
possible to found that RB refers to 12
subcarriers in frequency domain and 1ms
in time domain. In particular, since the
scheduler in the eNodeB works on TTI
basis (1ms) RBs are considered to last
1ms in time domain. They can also be
known as scheduling resource blocks
1 slot
1 ms subframe
37
Note: Although 3GPP definition of RB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 slot
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Capacity allocation is based on
Resource Blocks
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Resource
Element
Introduction UL Single Carrier FDMA
Subchannels (subcarriers or tones) each 15 kHz
1.4 MHz = 72 Tones
User 1
20 MHz = 1200 Tones
User 2
User 3
tim
e
User ..
1 TTI
= 1ms
1 PRB = 2 Slots = 2 * 0.5 ms
1 PRB (Physical Resource Block) = 12 Subcarriers = 180 kHz
SC-FDMA: PRBs are grouped to bring down Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
-> better power efficiency at the terminal
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Introduction UL Single Carrier FDMA
OFDMA vs SC-FDMA
OFDMA: each sub-carrier only carries information related to one specific symbol
SC-FDMA : each sub-carrier contains information of ALL transmitted symbols
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1. Introduction of LTE System
- Physical Layer channel (UL / DL)
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Overview of Physical Layer
The multiple access scheme for the LTE physical layer is based on Orthogonal
frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic-prefix (CP) in the
downlink and on Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) with a cyclic prefix in the uplink to support transmission
in paired and unpaired spectrum
Two duplex modes are supported:
- Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): supporting full duplex and half duplex
operation,
- Time Division Duplex (TDD)
The Layer 1(Physical Layer) is defined in a bandwidth agnostic way based on
resource blocks, allowing the LTE Layer 1 to adapt to various spectrum
allocations
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DL Physical Channel
A downlink physical channel corresponds to a set of resource
elements carrying information originating from higher layers and is
the interface defined between 36.212 and 36.211
The following downlink physical channels are defined:
Physical Downlink Shared Channel(PDSCH)
-> This is intended for the user data
Physical Downlink Control Channel(PDCCH)
-> Downlink control signaling gives the UEs the information
about DL and UL resource allocation
-> On which DL resources there is data allocated to the UE
(DL assignment)
-> Which UL resources the UE can use to transmit data
(UL grant) / Which MSC to use
Physical Broadcast Channel(PBCH)
-> This carriers the BCH
(system information like RACH parameters)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel(PCFICH)
-> Indicates how many OFDM symbols (1 to 3) are used for
PDCCH(s)
Physical Multicast Channel(PMCH)
MBMS (multicast) data
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel(PHICH)
HARQ feedback for uplink packets
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Physical
channel
Modulati
on
PDSCH
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PMCH
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PBCH
QPSK
PDCCH
(PCFICH,
PHICH)
QPSK
PUSCH
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PUCCH
BPSK
and/or
QPSK
DL Physical Channel
Physical Layer DL
A downlink signal corresponds to a set of resource elements used by the physical layer.
But, it does not carry information originating from higher layer
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DL Physical Signal
DL Reference Signals
Cell-Specific RS
- Downlink channel quality measurement
- Downlink channel estimation
- Cell search and initial acquisition
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DL Physical Signal
Synchronization Signals
Altogether 72 resource blocks are then reserved
(reserved or used) for P-SCH transmission which
is exactly the size of total amount of sub carriers
for 1.4Mhz LTE -> there is no need for the
terminal to know the actual-Bw assignment
prior to synchronization to network
Cell Search Process
Similar to WCDMA
PSS
20 -MHz bandwidth
SCH
10 -MHz bandwidth
SSS
5 -MHz bandwidth
2. 5 -MHz bandwidth
1.4-MHz
- bandwidth
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UL Physical Signal
An uplink physical channel corresponds to a set of resource elements carrying information
originating from higher layer
Physical Modulati
The following uplink physical channels are defined:
channel
on
Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH
PDSCH
QPSK,
-> This is intended for the user data
16QAM,
-> UCI (Uplink Control Information)
64QAM
Channel Quality Indication (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator
PMCH
QPSK,
(PMI) and Rank Indication (RI)
16QAM,
ACK/NACK is multiplexed with PUSCH by puncturing the data
64QAM
Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH
-> Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack indications, uplink scheduling request
PBCH
QPSK
(SR), CQIs and PMI
PDCCH
QPSK
-> If control data is sent when traffic data is being transmitted,
(PCFICH,
PHICH)
UE multiplexes both streams together into PUSCH
-> If there is only control data to be sent the UE uses Resources
PUSCH
QPSK,
16QAM,
Element at the edges of the channel with higher power
64QAM
Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH
-> For Random Access attempts. PDCCH indicates the Resource
PUCCH
BPSK
elements for PRACH use.
and/or
QPSK
-> PBCH contains a list of allowed preambles (max. 64 per cell in
Type 1 frame) and the required length of the preamble
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UL Physical Signal
An uplink physical signal is used by the physical layer but does not carry information
originating from higher layers
The following uplink physical signals are defined:
Reference signals (RS)
Demodulation RS (DM RS)
Sounding RS (SRS)
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Uplink FDD Channel Mapping
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Physical Channel Mapping Table
Upper Layers
DL
UL
RLC
DCCH
DTCH
CCCH
MTCH
MCCH
DTCH
DCCH
CCCH
PCCH
BCCH
Logical channels
MAC
UL-SCH
RACH
MCH
DL-SCH
PCH
BCH
Transport channels
PHY
PUSCH
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PUCCH
49
PRACH
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PMCH
PDCCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDSCH
PBCH
Air interface
Uplink Power-Control
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2. CSI - Feedback Type &
Transmission-mode for MIMO
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UE Channel state information (CSI) feedback types
in LTE
The purpose of CSI feedback is to provide the eNodeB information about DL channel
state to help in the scheduling decision.
The CQI report modes are related to the transmission modes
Compared to the WCDMA/HSPA, the main new feature in the channel feedback is the
frequency selectivity of the report
In general the CSI reported by the UE is just a recommendation
The eNodeB does not need to follow it
CSI is measured by the UE and signaled to the eNodeB using PUCCH(PERIODIC) or
PUSCH(APERIODIC)
Channel state information in LTE can be divided into three categories:
CQI - Channel Quality Indicator
RI - Rank Indicator
PMI - Precoding Matrix Indicator
The corresponding procedure for providing information about the UL channel state is called
Channel Sounding and it is done using the Sounding Reference Symbols, SRS
(not considered in this presentation)
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Overview of Transmission Mode(DL/UL)
The Relations between transmission mode and CQI report modes
Seven PDCCH/PDSCH transmission modes are defined in LTE, each one corresponding to
a certain multiple antenna technique and the used DCI & UCI format
(CI: Control Information for Downlink & Uplink, see 3GPP TS 36.213).
The CQI report modes are related to the transmission modes as follows:
Sample of NTT-Docomo Transmission mode_3 for Uplink.
Open-loop spatial multiplexing: UE reports the RI, but no pre-coding feedback. Based on
the RI the eNode_B scheduler can select the number of layers used spatial multiplexing.
In the case of rank=1, TX diversity is used, With a higher Rank, Large delay CDD
(Cyclic Delay Diversity) is applied
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Overview of CQI feedback scheduling mode
NTT-Docomo CQI scheduling Mode is Frequency selective. Therefore, UE should be report
both(PUCCH-Periodic & PUSCH-Aperiodic) channels.
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Resource: 3GPP-Spec.
Overview of CQI feedback reporting type
Comparison of Periodic and Aperiodic channel information feedback reporting
Contents
Periodic reporting
Aperiodic reporting
When to Send
Periodic every 2~160ms
*(NTT-Docomo: every 20ms)
Only when requested by the
eNode_B
Where to send
Normally on PUCCH,PUSCH
used when multiplexed with data
*(NTT-Docomo:Use only PUCCH)
Always on PUSCH
Payload size of reports
4 ~ 11bits
Up to 64bits
Channel Coding
Linear block codes
Tail biting convolutional codes
CRC protection
No
Yes, 8bit CRC
Rank Indicator
Sent in separate subframes
at lower periodicity
Sent separatetly encoded in the
Same subframe
Frequency selectivity
of the CQI
Only very limited amount of
Frequency information
Detailed frequency selective
Reports are possible
Frequency selectivity
of the PMI
Only wideband PMI
Frequency selective PMI reports
are possible
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What is different between Periodic & Aperiodic
CQI Rerporting?
Periodic channel information feedback reporting
If the eNodeB wishes to receive periodic reporting of the CQI, the UE will transmit the
reports using the PUCCH.
PUCCH
{Only wideband and UE-selected sub-band feedback is possible for
periodic CQI reporting depends on reporting mode.}
For the wideband periodic CQI reporting, the period can be configured
to {2, 5, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160} ms or Off for FDD
While the wideband feedback mode is similar to that sent via the PUSCH,
the UE-selected sub-band CQI using PUCCH is different.
In this case, the total number of sub-bands N is divided into J fractions called
bandwidth parts.
The value of J depends on the system bandwidth as summarized .
In case of periodic UE-selected sub-band CQI reporting, one CQI value is computed
and reported for a single selected sub-band from each bandwidth part,
along with the corresponding sub-band index.
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What is different between Periodic & Aperiodic
CQI Rerporting?
Aperiodic channel information feedback reporting
Aperiodic CQI reporting on the PUSCH is scheduled by the eNodeB by setting a
CQI request bit in an uplink resource grant sent on the Physical Downlink Control
channel (PDCCH).
The CQI reporting type can be:
UE-selected sub-band feedback. the UE selects a set of M preferred sub-bands
of size k (where k and M are given in Table 10.4 for each system bandwidth range)
within the whole system bandwidth. The UE reports one wideband CQI value and
one CQI value reflecting the average quality of the M selected sub-bands.
The UE also reports the positions of the M selected sub-bands using a combinatorial
index r defined as
where the set {si }M1 i=0 , 1 si N, si < si+1 contains the M sorted sub-band
Indices and
For internal use only
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What is different between Periodic & Aperiodic
CQI Rerporting?
Aperiodic channel information feedback reporting
UE-selected sub-band feedback
Sub-band size k and number of preferred sub-bands (M) versus downlink system
bandwidth for aperiodic CQI reports for UE-selected sub-bands feedback.
Reproduced by permission of 3GPP.
The CQI value for the M selected sub-bands for each codeword is encoded differentially
using 2-bits relative to its respective wideband CQI as defined by Differential CQI =
Index for average of M preferred sub-bandsWideband CQI index Possible differential CQI
values are { +1, +2, +3,+4}.
For internal use only
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What is different between Periodic & Aperiodic
CQI Rerporting?
Aperiodic channel information feedback reporting
eNodeB(higher layer) - configured sub-band feedback.
The UE reports a wideband CQI value for the whole system bandwidth.
In addition, the UE reports a CQI value for each subband, calculated assuming
transmission only in the relevant sub-band.
Sub-band CQI reports are encoded differentially with respect to the
wideband CQI using 2-bits as
- Aperiodic CQI feedback types on PUSCH for each PDSCH transmission mode
For internal use only
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Categorization of CQI/PMI/Rank reporting options
for NTT-Docomo
LTE CQI reporting
family tree
Aperiodic
Periodic
Best-M Average
Single CQI
Wideband
Frequency selective
(UE-selected
(Wideband
sub-band
feedback)
feedback)
No PMI
Single PMI
No PMI
Single PMI
Mode 1-0
Mode 1-1
Mode 2-0
Mode 2-1
4 bits
11 bits
6 bits
11 bits
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(Higher layer-configured
sub-band
feedback)
Multi PMI
No PMI
Multi-PMI
No PMI
Single PMI
1-2
Mode 2-0
Mode 2-2
Mode 3-0
Mode 3-1
60 bits
24 bits
38 bits
30 bits
64 bits
* Single or Multi-PMI: Closed loop MIMO with PMI feedback
* No PMI: Single Antenna, TxDiv or OL-MIMO
For internal use only
Full Feedback
The maximum number of feedback bits
for each option Assuming 20 MHz BW
and 4*4 CL MIMO is listed excluding RI
- With Periodic reporting RI is sent in
separate subframes with potentially
larger periodicity
- In Aperiodic reporting The RI is
separately coded with each CQI/PMI
report
Overview of CQI feedback reporting mode
It can be verify NTT-Docomo CQI(UL)-parameter through QCAT as below;
CQI report modes for periodic reporting
Sample of Wideband CQI feedback type
Sample of Rank Indicator feedback type
For internal use only
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Overview of CQI feedback reporting mode
It can be verify NTT-Docomo CQI(UL)-parameter from QCAT as below;
CQI report modes for aperiodic reporting
<Higher Layer-configured subband feedback>
Mode 3-0 description:
- UE shall report a wideband CQI value which is calculated assuming transmission on set S subbands
- The UE shall also report one subband CQI value for each set S subband.
The subband CQI value is calculated assuming transmission only in the subband
- Both the wideband and subband CQI represent channel quality for the first codeword, even when
RI>1.
- For transmission mode 3, the reported CQI values are calculated conditioned on the reported RI.
For other transmission modes, they are reported conditioned on rank 1.
For internal use only
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Sample of CQI & MCS mapping table
For internal use only
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Sample of MIMO Switching
<Sample of MIMO Switching for Nxx vender>
- Basically, we can calculate as CQI= SINR * 0.51 +5.3
For internal use only
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3. RRC-Layer Protocol & Mobility
- Call Processing & Signaling msg.
Call-Proces s ing for
UTRAN & E-UTRAN
- Overview of LTE-Mobility (RRC-State / Handover)
For internal use only
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Handover Procedure
Before handover
Handover
preparation
Radio handover
Late path
switching
S-GW + P-GW
S-GW + P-GW
S-GW + P-GW
S-GW + P-GW
MME
MME
Target
eNB
Source
eNB
= Data in radio
= Signalling in radio
= GTP tunnel
= GTP signalling
For internal use only
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MME
X2
= S1 signalling
= X2 signalling
MME
Handover Measurement Procedure
eNodeB sends Measurement control to UE giving Reporting thresholds
UE identifies others cell ids (Physical Cell ID - PCI) from Synchronization
Signal
UE measures other cells signal from Reference Signals (RS)
When the reporting threshold condition is fulfilled, UE sends
Handover measurements to eNodeB
For internal use only
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Handovers Triggers in LTE(R8)
HO Triggers in LTE:
Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold)
Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold)
Event A3 (Neighbour becomes better than serving by an offset)
Event A5 (Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and
neighbour becomes better than threshold2)
Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold)
Event B2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT
neighbour becomes better than threshold2)
* Please see LTE- Handovers Event reference (TS 36.331, 5.***)
For internal use only
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Sample of Handovers Event A3 case
RSRP at serving cell + a3Offset < RSRP at neighbor cell
RSRP
RSRP Neighbour Cell
a3offset
Serving Cell RSRP
time
a3TimeToTrigger
a3Report Interval
Measurement
Report
Measurement
Report
eNB
For internal use only
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Sample of Handovers Event A5 case
RSRP
RSRP at serving cell < a5Threshold1
AND
RSRP at target > a5threshold2
a5threshold2
a5Threshold1
Serving Cell RSRP
RSRP Neighbour Cell
time
a5TimeToTrigger
a5Report Interval
Measurement
Report
Measurement
Report
eNB
For internal use only
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Sample of Handovers Triggers in R99
Definition of Handover
- The process in which the radio access network changes the radio
transmitters or radio access mode or radio system used to provide
the bearer services, while maintaining a defined bearer service QOS.
H/O Event Type
- Event Type A(Add
in AS cell)
A(
- Event Type B(Delete in AS cell)
- Event Type C(Swap in AS cell)
- Event Type D(Change of best cell)
- Event Type E(ADD - Static threshold)
- Event Type F(DROP - Static threshold)
*Event A ~ D : defined Dynamic-Threshold !
For internal use only
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71
Comparison of Connection & Mobility states
UTRAN vs E-UTRAN
Connection management
GPRS attached
EMM registered
PDP context
EPS bearer
Radio access bearer
Radio bearer + S1 bearer
Mobility management
Location area
Not relevant (no CS core)
Routing area
Tracking area
Handovers (DCH) when RRC
connected
Handovers when RRC
connected
RNC hides mobility from core
network
Core network sees every
handover
For internal use only
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Mobility and Connection States (1/2)
2 sets of states for the UE are defined based on the information held in the
MME:
EMM: EPS Mobility Management States
EPS: Evolved
ECM: EPS Connection Management States
Packet System
EMM:
EMM- DEREGISTERED
MME holds no valid location information about the UE
(location unknown)
EMM- REGISTERED
UE performs Tracking Area Update procedures to notify availability
UE responds to paging messages
UE performs service request procedure to establish the radio
bearers when uplink data is to be sent
EMM
deregistered
For internal use only
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Attach
Detach
EMM
registered
Mobility and Connection States (2/2)
ECM:
UE and MME enter ECM-CONNECTED state when the signaling connection
is established between UE and MME
UE and E-UTRAN enter RRC-CONNECTED state when the signaling
connection is established between UE and E-UTRAN
RRC connection
S1 connection
MME
UE
RRC idle
E-UTRAN
RRC connection
establishment
RRC connection
release
RRC
connected
S1 connection establishment
ECM idle
For internal use only
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MME
S1 connection release
ECM
connected
LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC) States
RRC Idle state
RRC Connected State
- UE location is known in MME with an
accuracy of a cell ID
- A signalling connection exists between
UE and MME
-The mobility of UE is handled by the
handover procedure
-The UE performs the tracking area
- update procedure
UEs RRC connection can be maintained even if UE is inactive
RRC connection may be released due to the following reasons:
- No signalling connection between UE
and network exists
- UE performs cell reselections
- Paging needed when the there is data
in downlink direction
- RACH procedure used on established
on RRC connection establishment
1. UE is inactive for a long time
2. High mobility: UE makes x handovers within
m minutes
3. Max number of RRC connected UEs reached.
Then, longest inactive UE is released
For internal use only
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inactive >x min
EMM & ECM States Transitions
Power On
Release due to
Inactivity
Registration (Attach)
Allocate C-RNTI, S_TMSI
Allocate IP addresses
Authentication
Establish security context
EMM_Deregistered
ECM_Idle
Release RRC connection
Release C-RNTI
Configure DRX for paging
EMM_Registered
EMM_Registered
ECM_Connected
ECM_Idle
New Traffic
Deregistration (Detach)
Change PLMN
Release C-RNTI, S-TMSI
Release IP addresses
Establish RRC Connection
Allocate C-RNTI
Timeout of Periodic TA
Update
For internal use only
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Release S-TMSI
Release IP addresses
EMM & ECM States Summary
EMM_Deregistered
ECM_Idle
Network Context:
no context exists
Allocated IDs:
IMSI
UE Position:
unknown to network
Mobility:
PLMN/cell selection
UE Radio Activity:
none
For internal use only
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EMM_Registered
EMM_Registered
ECM_Connected
ECM_Idle
Network Context:
all info for ongoing
transmission/reception
Allocated IDs:
IMSI, S-TMSI per TAI
1 or several IP
addresses
C-RNTI
UE Position:
known on cell level
Network Context:
security keys
enable fast transition to
ECM_CONNECTED
Allocated IDs:
IMSI, S-TMSI per TAI
1or several IP
addresses
UE Position:
known on TA level (TA
list)
Mobility:
NW controlled
handover
Mobility:
cell reselection
UE Radio Activity:
DL w/o DRX
UL w/o DTX
UE Radio Activity:
DL DRX for paging
no UL
LTE Tracking Area
Tracking area (TA) is similar to Location/routing area in 2G/3G
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network
Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code)
When UE is in Idle, MME knows UE location with Tracking Area accuracy
MME
Tracking area 1
Tracking area update
For internal use only
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Tracking area 2
UE Measurements: RSRP and RSRQ
RSSI vs RSRQ vs
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
RSRP
Average of power levels (in [W]) received across all Reference Signal
symbols within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth.
UE only takes measurements from the cell-specific Reference Signal
elements of the serving cell
*If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower
than the corresponding RSRP of any of the individual diversity branches
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)
RSSI comprises the linear average of the total received power (in [W])
observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna
port 0, in the measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by
the UE from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells,
adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc.
RSRQ ( Reference Signal Received Quality)
Defined as the ratio NRSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the
number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth.
The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over
the same set of resource blocks
For internal use only
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eNodeB Measurements
DL Reference Signal Transmitted Power
Average of power levels (in [W]) across all Reference Signal symbols within the
considered measurement frequency bandwidth
Reference point for the DL RS TX power measurement: TX antenna connector
The DL RS TX power signaled to the UE is not measured, it is just an eNB internal
setting
Received Interference Power:
Received interference power, including thermal noise, within one PRBs bandwidth
Thermal noise power: No x W
Thermal noise power within the UL system bandwidth
(consisting of variable # of resource blocks)
No: white noise power spectral density on the uplink carrier frequency and
W: denotes the UL system bandwidth.
Optionally reported with the Received Interference Power
Reference point: RX antenna connector
In case of receiver diversity, the reported value is the average of the power in the
diversity branches
For internal use only
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Presentation / Author / Date
LTE - Abbrevation
ACP
AMC
ANR
ARQ
BLER
BSR
CDM
CQI
ECGI
EMM
EPC
EPS
FMT
FTP
CGI
HARQ
HO
ICIC
KPI
LNA
MCS
MIMO
MME
MTC
MOC
NCL
NCs
NGMN
NRT
Automatic Cell Planning
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Automatic Neighbour Relation
Automatic Repeat Request
Block Error Rate
Buffer Status Report
Code Division Multiplexing
Channel Quality Indicator
Evolved Cell Global Identity
EPS Mobility Management
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved Packet System: E-UTRAN + EPC
Field Measurement Tools
File Transfer Protocol
See ECGI
Hybrid-ARQ
Handover
Inter-cell interference
Key Performance Indicator
Low Noise Amplifier
Modulation and Coding Scheme
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Mobility Management Entity
Mobile Terminated Call
Mobile Originated Call
Neighbour Cell List
Number of Cyclic Shifts
Next Generation Mobile Networks: Group of mobile vendors supporting the work of the standardization bodies
Neighbour Relation Table
For internal use only
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LTE - Abbrevation
OAM
OCNS
OFDMA
OLQC
PCI
PDCP
PHR
PM
PRB
P-SCH
PSD
QoS
RAB
RAC
RACH
RBG
RE
REG
RI
RLC
RSRP
RSRQ
RSSI
S1
SC-FDMA
SCTP
SINR
SON
SR
S-SCH
For internal use only
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Operation and Maintenance
Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Outer Link Quality Control
Physical Cell ID
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
TTI : Transmission Time Interval
Power Headroom
TDD : Time Division Duplex
Performance Management
UDP : User Datagram Protocol
Physical Resource Block
X2 : Interface between two eNBs
Primary Synchronisation Channel
XCAL : Measurement solution from Accuver
Power Spectral Density
XCAP : Analysis (post-processing) solution from Accuver
Quality of Service
TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
Radio Access Bearer
Radio Access Controller
Random Access Channel
Resource Block Groups
Resource Element
Resource Element Group (4 Resource Elements)
Rank Indicator
Radio Link Control (Layer)
Reference Signal Received Power
Reference Signal Received Quality
Received Strength Signal Indicator
Interface between eNB and MME
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Signal-to-Interference and Noise Ratio
Self Organising(Optimization) Networks
Scheduling Request
Secondary Synchronisation Channel
