Water
quantities
Requirement
Course Content...
Factors affecting per capita demand,
waste and losses, variations in
demand, design periods, population
forecasting methods.
Water Quantity Estimation
The quantity of water required for
municipal uses for which the water supply
scheme has to be designed requires
following data:
Water consumption rate(Per Capita
Demand in litres per day per head)
Population to be served.
Quantity = Per capita demand x
Population
Water Consumption Rate
Very difficult to assess the quantity of
water demanded by the public, since there
are many variable factors affecting water
consumption.
There are various types of water demands
in a city.
Domestic water demand
Industrial demand
Institution and commercial demand
Demand for public use
Fire demand
Loses and wastes
Domestic water demand
water required in the houses for
drinking, bathing, cooking, washing
etc.
mainly depends upon the habits,
social status, climatic conditions and
customs of the people.
As per IS: 1172-1963, under normal
conditions, the domestic
consumption of water in India is
about 135 litres/day/capita.
The details of the domestic
consumption are
a) Drinking -----5 litres
b) Cooking -----5 litres
c) Bathing -----55 litres
d) Clothes washing ------20 litres
e) Utensils washing ------10 litres
f) House washing ------ 10 litres
-------------------------135 litres/day/capita
Industrial demand
The water required in the industries
mainly depends on the type of
industries, which are existing in the
city.
The water required by factories,
paper mills, Cloth mills, Cotton mills,
Breweries, Sugar refineries etc.
comes under industrial use.
The quantity of water demand for
industrial purpose is around 20 to
Institution and commercial demand
Universities, Institution, commercial
buildings and commercial centres
including office buildings,
warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping
centres, health centres, schools,
temple, cinema houses, railway and
bus stations etc comes under this
category.
Demand for public use
Quantity of water required for public
utility purposes such as for washing
and sprinkling on roads, cleaning of
sewers, watering of public parks,
gardens, public fountains etc. comes
under public demand.
To meet the water demand for public
use, provision of 5% of the total
consumption is made designing the
water works for a city.
The requirements of water for public
utility shall be taken as
[Link]. Purpose Water
Requirements
1
2
Public parks
Street washing
1.4 litres/m2/day
1.0-1.5
litres/m2/day
Sewer cleaning
4.5 litres/head/day
Fire demand
During the fire breakdown large
quantity of water is required for
throwing it over the fire to extinguish
it, therefore provision is made in the
water work to supply sufficient
quantity of water or keep as reserve
in the water mains for this purpose.
The quantity of water required for
fire fighting is generally calculated by
using different empirical formulae.
For Indian conditions kuichings
formula gives satisfactory results.
Q=3182 p
Where Q is quantity of water
required in litres/min
P is population of town or city in
thousands
Loses and wastes
Losses due to defective pipe joints,
cracked and broken pipes, faulty
valves and fittings.
Losses due to, continuous wastage of
water.
Losses due to unauthorised and
illegal connections.
While estimating the total quantity of
water of a town; allowance of 15% of
total quantity of water is made to
Water Consumption for Various Purposes
Types of
Normal
Consumptio
Range
n
(lit/capita
/day)
Average
Domestic
Consumption
65-300
160
35
Industrial
and
Commercial
Demand
45-450
135
30
20-90
45
10
45-150
62
25
Public Uses
including Fire
Demand
Losses and
Waste
Per capita demand
If Q is the total quantity of water
required by various purposes by a
town per year and p is population of
town, then per capita demand will be
Q
Per capita demand = -----------------litres/day
P x 365
Per capita demand of the town depends on
various factors like standard of living, no.
and type of commercial places in a town
etc.
For an average Indian town, the
requirement of water in various uses is as
underDomestic purpose -------- 135 litres/c/d
Industrial use -------40 litres/c/d
Public use -------25 litres/c/d
Fire Demand -------- 15 litres/c/d
Losses, Wastage and thefts -------- 55
litres/c/d
Factors affecting per capita demand
Size of the city: Per capita demand
for big cities is generally large as
compared to that for smaller towns .
Presence of industries Climatic conditions Habits of people and their economic
status Pressure in the distribution system-
Quality of water: If water is aesthetically &
medically safe, the consumption will
increase .
Efficiency of water works administration:
Leaks in water mains and services; and
unauthorised use of water can be kept to a
minimum by surveys.
Cost of water Policy of metering and charging method:
Water tax is charged in two different ways:
on the basis of meter reading and on the
Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
Average Daily Per Capita Demand
= Quantity Required in 12
Months/ (365 x Population)
If this average demand is supplied at all
the times, it will not be sufficient to meet
the fluctuations.
Maximum daily demand= 1.8 x average
daily demand
Maximum hourly demand of maximum day
i.e. Peak demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily
demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily
demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly
demand
Seasonal variation: The demand peaks
during summer. Firebreak outs are
generally more in summer, increasing
demand. So, there is seasonal variation .
Daily variationdepends on the activity.
People draw out more water on Sundays
and Festival days, thus increasing demand
on these days.
Hourly variationsare very important as
they have a wide range. During active
household working hours i.e. from six to
ten in the morning and four to eight in the
evening, the bulk of the daily requirement
is taken. During other hours the
requirement is negligible.
Moreover, if a fire breaks out, a huge
quantity of water is required to be supplied
during short duration, necessitating the
need for a maximum rate of hourly supply.
So, an adequate quantity of water must be
available to meet the peak demand.
To meet all the fluctuations, the supply
pipes, service reservoirs and distribution
pipes must be properly proportioned.
The water is supplied by pumping directly
and the pumps and distribution system
must be designed to meet the peak
demand.
The effect of monthly variation influences
the design of storage reservoirs and the
hourly variations influences the design of
pumps and service reservoirs.
As the population decreases, the
fluctuation rate increases.
Design Periods
The future period for which a provision is
made in the water supply scheme is
known as the design period.
Design period is estimated based on the
following:
Useful life of the component, considering
obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.
Expandability aspect.
Anticipated rate of growth of population,
including industrial, commercial
developments & migration-immigration.
Available resources.
Performance of the system during initial
period.
Population Forecasting Methods
The various methods adopted for
estimating future populations .
The particular method to be adopted for a
particular case or for a particular city
depends largely on the factors discussed
in the methods, and the selection is left to
the discretion and intelligence of the
designer.
Arithmetic Increase Method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
Simple Graphical Method
Comparative Graphical Method
The master plan method
Arithmetic Increase Method
This method is based on the assumption
that the population is increasing at a
constant rate.
The rate of change of population with time
is constant. The population after n
decades can be determined by the formula
Pn = P + n.c where
P population at present
n No. of decades
c Constant determined by the average
of increase of n decades
Geometric Increase Method
This method is based on the assumption
that the percentage increase in population
from decade to decade remains constant.
In this method the average percentage of
growth of last few decades is determined.
The population at the end of n decades is
calculated byPn = P {1+ IG/100}
where
P population at present
C average percentage of growth of n
decades
Incremental Increase Method
This method is improvement over the
above two methods.
The average increase in the
population is determined by the
arithmetical method and to this is
added the average of the net
incremental increase once for each
future decade.
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