FUNCTIONAL SPACE
Name : Shyam Kumar
&
Harvinder Singh
Topic Of Discussion:
FUNCTIONAL SPACE
METRIC SPACE
VECTOR SPACE
NORMED VETOR SPACE
HILBERT SPACE
GRAM SMIDTH ORTHONOMALIZATION
SPACE :
FUNCTIONAL
A functional space is a space made of functions. Each
function in space can be thought as a point.
EXAMPLES :
1. C[a,b] , the set of all real valued continuous
functions in the interval [a,b];
2. [a,b], the set of all real valued functions
whose absolute value is integrable in the
interval [a,b]
3. [a,b], the set of all real valued functions
square integrable in the interval [a,b]
4. A vector space equipped with scalar product
and complete as a metric space is called
Hilbert space.
METRIC SPACE
A metric space is a pair (X,d), where X is a set and
d is
a metric on X (or , distance function on X), a
function
defined on X*X such that for all x,y,z belong
to X we have:
1. d is real valued, finite and nonnegative
2. d(x,y) = 0 iff x = y
3. d(x,y) = d(y,x)
(symmetry)
4. d(x,y) d(x,z) + d(z,y) (Triangle Inequality)
EXAMPLE
1. The set of all real numbers with distance
(x, y) = |x y|
is the metric space 1.
2. The set of all ordered n-tuples x = ()
of real numbers with distance
(x, y) =
is the metric space n.
3. The set of all functions satisfying the criteria
(x)dx
with distance
() = )dx
is the metric space in (R)
VECTOR SPACE
A vector space over field F is a set V together with two
operations that satisfy the following axioms. Let u, v, and w
are belongs to vector space V
Associativity of addition
u + ( v + w ) = ( u+ v ) +w
Commutativity of addition
u + v = v + u
Identity Element For Addition
there exit zero that belong to V , such that u + 0 =
u
Inverse Elements of Addition
For everyvV, there exists an elementvV,
called
the additive inverse of v, such that v + (-v) = 0
Compatibility Of Scalar Multiplication with field
multiplication
a (b.v) = (a.b) v
Identity Element For scalar Multiplication
1.v = v, where 1 denotes the multiplicative
identity
in F
Distribution Property ( with respect to vector
addition)
a (u + v ) = a . u + a . V
Distribution of scalar multiplication with
respect to field addition
(a+b).v= a.v + b.V
EXAMPLES
1. Space
this is Euclidean space the
set of all
n tuples of real number
2. Space It consist of all ordered n
tuples of
complex number
3. Space C[a , b]. This space are
defined as each
point of this space is a continuous
real valued
function on [a , b]
NORMED VECTOR SPACE
A normed space X is a vector space with
a norm defined on it, in this space metric is
defined
by norm. and norm is denoted by ||x||
PROPERTIS
A norm ||x|| of vector space has following
properties
||x|| >= 0
||x|| = 0
||a.x|| = |a|.||x||
||x + y||
(triangle
+ ||y||
= 0
A norm on X defines a metric d on X
which is
given by
d(x, y) = ||x - y||
(x , y E X)
and is called metric induced by the
norm
the normed space is denoted by (X,
II . II)
SPACE (H) AS FUNCTIONAL SPACE :
HILBERT
A complete inner product space is called Hilbert space
and generally infinite dimensional.
PROPERTIES :
1. Element f ,g , h of H are subject to two operations,
addition and multiplication by scalar ().
these operations produce quantities that are also
member of the space
2. Addition is commutative and associative.
f(s) + g(s) = g(s) + f(s)
[f(s) + g(s)] + h(s) = f(s) + [g(s) + h(s) ]
3.
Multiplication by a scalar is commutative, associative,
and distributive:
k.f(s) = f(s).k, k.[f(s)+g(s)] = k.f(s) + k.g(s)
(+).f(s) = f(s) + f(s) , f(s)] = f(s)
4. Hilbert space (H) is spanned by a set of basis function ,
this basis function may be finite or infinite.
hence every function in H is represented by
f(s) = (s) this properties known as completeness.
[A metric space is complete if all fundamental sequences
converge to a point in the space.]
5. Function in Hilbert space are unique linear combination of basis
function , so basis must be linearly independent.
all functions f(s) and g(s) in H , there exists a scalar
Forproduct
, denoted as and have the properties
6.
that are:
.
0 (equality only if f is identically zero)
is called norm of f and is written .
=,
= + and
=k.
Schwarz Inequality:
Any scalar product in Hilbert space satisfy the Schwarz
inequality , which can be stated as
.
Here there is equality only if f and g are proportional.
The equivalent result in ordinary vector space
=
ORTHOGONALITY
A set of functions that is both normalised and
and mutually orthogonal is called orthonormal set.
Two function f and g will be orthogonal if
= =0
These function are said to be normalised if
= =1
Expansions And Scalar Product:
Two function f and g and their expansion
f = (s) and
g = (s)
The scalar product can be written as
=
If the set are orthonormal, the above reduce
to
=
and
=
Gram- Schmidt Orthogonalization:
If we have orthonormal set of function then we can
expand and transform any function easily.
Some scalar product defined in
limit
REFERENCE
MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR
PHYSICISTS ( ARFKEN WEBER)
INTRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
(KREYSZIG)
INTERNET
Thank You..!!
