The Integral
chapter
The Indefinite Integral
Substitution
The Definite Integral As a Sum
The Definite Integral As Area
The Definite Integral: The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
Antiderivative
An antiderivative of a function f is a
function F such that
F f
Ex. An antiderivative of f ( x) 6 x
is F ( x) 3x 2 2
since F ( x) f ( x).
Indefinite Integral
The expression:
f ( x)dx
read the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,
means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f.
Integral sign
f ( x)dx
x is called the variable
of integration
Integrand
Constant of Integration
Every antiderivative F of f must be of
the form F(x) = G(x) + C, where C is a
constant.
Notice
6 xdx 3x
Represents every possible
antiderivative of 6x.
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral, Part I
Ex.
n 1
x
x dx
C if n 1
n 1
n
x
x dx
C
4
3
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral, Part II
1
x dx dx ln x C
x
1
Indefinite Integral of ex and bx
e dx e C
b
b
dx
ln b
x
Sum and Difference Rules
f g dx fdx gdx
x
x
Ex. x x dx x dx xdx C
3
2
2
Constant Multiple Rule
Ex.
kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx (k constant)
4
x
x
2 x dx 2 x dx 2 C
C
4
2
3
Integral Example/Different Variable
Ex. Find the indefinite integral:
u 7
2
3e 2u 6 du
u
1
2
3 e du 7 du 2 u du 6du
u
2 3
u
3e 7 ln u u 6u C
3
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Derivative Form
If s = s(t) is the position function of an
object at time t, then
ds
dv
Velocity = v =
Acceleration = a =
dt
dt
Integral Form
s (t ) v(t )dt
v(t ) a (t )dt
Integration by Substitution
Method of integration related to chain
rule differentiation. If u is a function of
x, then we can use the formula
f
fdx
du
du / dx
Integration by Substitution
Ex. Consider the integral:
3x x
2
5 dx
pick u x +5, then du 3 x dx
du
dx
2
3x
10
u du
C
10
Sub to get
Integrate
10
10
Back Substitute
Ex. Evaluate
x 5 x 2 7 dx
du
Let u 5 x 7 then
dx
10 x
1 1/ 2
2
x 5 x 7 dx
u du
10
2
Pick u,
compute du
Sub in
3/ 2
1 u
C
10 3 / 2
5x
7
15
Integrate
3/ 2
Sub in
Ex. Evaluate
dx
x ln x
Let u ln x then xdu dx
dx
x ln x u
du
C
2
ln x
Ex. Evaluate
e3t dt
3t
e 2
du
Let u e +2 then 3t dt
3e
e3t dt 1 1
du
3
t
e 2 3u
3t
ln u
3
3t
ln e 2
Shortcuts: Integrals of
Expressions Involving ax + b
Rule
ax b
ax b
ax b
ax b
ax b
dx
n 1
a (n 1)
1
dx ln ax b C
a
1 ax b
dx e
C
a
1 ax b
dx
c
C
a ln c
n 1
Riemann Sum
If f is a continuous function, then the left Riemann
sum with n equal subdivisions for f over the interval
[a, b] is defined to be
n 1
fx
k 0
f ( x0 )x f ( x1 )x ... f ( xn 1 )x
f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) ... f ( xn 1 ) x
where a x0 x1 ... xn b are the
subdivisions and x (b a) / n.
The Definite Integral
If f is a continuous function, the definite integral
of f from a to b is defined to be
b
n 1
f ( x)dx lim f x
a
k 0
The function f is called the integrand, the
numbers a and b are called the limits of
integration, and the variable x is called the
variable of integration.
Approximating the Definite
Integral
Ex. Calculate the Riemann sum for the
2
2
x
dx using n = 10.
integral
n 1
k 0
1
f xk x
xk
5
k 0
(1/ 5) 2 (2 / 5) 2 ... (9 / 5) 2 (1/ 5)
2.28
The Definite Integral
b
f ( x)dx
is read the integral, from a to b of f(x)dx.
Also note that the variable x is a dummy
variable.
b
b
f ( x)dx
f (t )dt
The Definite Integral As a Total
If r(x) is the rate of change of a quantity Q
(in units of Q per unit of x), then the total
or accumulated change of the quantity as x
changes from a to b is given by
b
Total change in quantity Q r ( x) dx
a
The Definite Integral As a Total
Ex. If at time t minutes you are traveling at
a rate of v(t) feet per minute, then the total
distance traveled in feet from minute 2 to
minute 10 is given by
10
Total change in distance v(t ) dt
2
Area Under a Graph
ba
Width: x
n
(n rect.)
y f ( x)
a
b
Idea: To find the exact area under the graph
of a function.
Method: Use an infinite number of rectangles
of equal width and compute their area with a
limit.
Approximating Area
Approximate the area under the graph of
f ( x) 2 x 2 on 0, 2
using n = 4.
A x f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x3 )
1
1
A f 0 f f 1 f
2
2
1
1
9
7
A 0 2
2
2
2
2
Area Under a Graph
y f ( x)
a
b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area is
n 1
f xk x
n
k 0
Area lim
a f ( x)dx
Geometric Interpretation
(All
Functions)
y f ( x)
R1
a
f ( x)dx
R3
R2
Area of R1 Area of R2 + Area of R3
Area Using Geometry
Ex. Use geometry to compute the integral
5
x 1 dx
Area =4
Area = 2
x 1 dx 4 2 2
Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b].
x
1. If A( x) f (t ) dt , then A( x) f ( x).
a
2. If F is any continuous antiderivative of
f and is defined on [a, b], then
f ( x)dx F (b) F (a )
The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus
x
Ex. If A( x) t 5tdt , find A( x).
3 4
3 4
A ( x) x 5 x
Evaluating the Definite Integral
1
Ex. Calculate 1 2 x 1 dx
x
5
1
2
2 x 1 dx x ln x x 1
x
2
2
5 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
28 ln 5 26.39056
Substitution for Definite Integrals
2x x
1
Ex. Calculate
1/ 2
dx
let u x 2 3 x
du
then
dx
2x
2x x
1
3x
1/ 2
Notice limits change
4
dx u du
1/ 2
16
2 3/ 2
u
3
3
0
Computing Area
Ex. Find the area enclosed by the x-axis, the
vertical lines x = 0, x = 2 and the graph of
y 2 x2 .
2
0 2x dx
2
Gives the area since 2x3 is
nonnegative on [0, 2].
1 4
1 4 1 4
2 x dx x
2 0
2 0
2
2
3
Antiderivative
Fund. Thm. of Calculus
