INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Done by
Aadhar Mishra
RollNo. 1347431001
At
Indian Farmers Fertilizer cooperative LTD
Aonla Unit, Bareilly
Submitted to
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Shri Sidhi Vinayak Institute of Technology
Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh -243122
AUTOMATION
Introduction
Automation is the use ofcontrol system such as computers tocontrol industrial machinery &
process, reducing for need for humanintervention. In the scope ofindustrialization
,Automation is a step beyondmechanization. whereas mechanization provided human
operators with machinery assist them with physical requirement of work, automation greatly
reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Process and system
can also be automated.
In other words Automation is a delegation ofhuman control function to technical equipment
for increasing productivity, tobetter quality, to reduce cost & increase insafety working
condition, to reduce manpower.
Example of automation
Automatic machine tools to process parts- CNCm/c
Industrial robots
Automatic material handling
Feedback control system
Steps for DC Automation
Step 1:- Drop 220V AC supply to 12V AC supply using 12 0 12 or 6 0 6
Transformer.
Step 2:- Convert AC supply into DC using full wave rectifier.
Step 3:- Further use positive/negative of 12V DC supply to energize
region of a LM 47 or LM 48 Transistor.
Emitter
Step 4:- Connect the collector region of LM 47 or 48 transistor to an
energizing terminal of relay.
Step 5:- Connect the other energizing terminal of Relay with the
positive/negative terminal of 12V DC supply coming out of rectifier.
NOTE:- If emitter region of transistor is given positive then the other energizing
terminal of the relay should be given negative and vice versa .
Step 6:- Further connect a LM7805 Voltage Regulator with the
12V DC output thus to get 5V DC supply to be preferably
given to different sensors.
Step 7:- Carefully connect the positive of the 5V supply to VCC
terminal of the sensor and negative of the supply to the
Ground terminal of the sensor.
Step 8:- The output terminal of the sensor should be given to
the Base terminal of the transistor which in turn energizes
the transistor and Trips the relay when the high signal is
received by the Respective Sensor and in this way the
automatic switching can be achieved.
Thank You
Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high
voltage low current A.C. into low voltage
high current A.C. and vice-versa without
changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit
to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic
induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in
Principle of operation
It is based on
principle
of
MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According
to
which an e.m.f. is
induced in a coil
when current in
the neighbouring
coil changes.
AC DC: Using a full-wave diode rectifier circuit
120V
VR
50
20 : 1
Figure 0.1
Time (ms)
Step-down transformer power supply
Using four diodes connected as shown produces only
positive-going voltages (more efficient) but the voltage is
not steady it has very large ripple.
VR
120V
50
20 : 1
Figure 0.3
Full-wave-rectifier power supply
Time (ms)
To see how the four-diode (full-wave rectifier) works, look
first at the voltage polarity across the load resistor. When
the top of the transformer secondary is positive, the two diodes
shown are forward biased and the current is downward
through the load resistor. When the top of the transformer is
negative with respect to the bottom, these two diodes are
reverse-biased and pass no current.
VR
120V
20 : 1
Figure 0.4 Positive transformer output causes the p air of
diodes shown to conduct in the fullwave-rectifier power supply .
Time (ms)
When the top terminal of the transformer is negative,
The other two diodes are forward-biased and pass
Current through the load resistor from top to bottom,
Filling in the missing parts of the output waveform.
VR
120V
20 : 1
Figure 0.5
Negative transformer output causes the other
diode pair to conduct.
Time (ms)
What is a Transistor?
Semiconductors: ability to
change from conductor to
insulator
Can either allow current or
prohibit current to flow
Useful as a switch, but also as
an amplifier
Essential part of many
technological advances
How Transistors Work
Doping: adding small amounts of
other elements to create additional
protons or electrons
P-Type: dopants lack a fourth valence
electron (Boron, Aluminum)
N-Type: dopants have an additional
(5th) valence electron (Phosphorus,
Arsenic)
Importance: Current only flows from
P to N
RELAY
Relayis an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate
two circuits electrically and connect them magnetically. They
are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch another
one while they are completely separate. They are often used
to interface an electronic circuit (working at a low voltage) to
an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage. For
example, a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a
230V AC mains circuit. Thus a small sensor circuit can drive,
say, a fan or an electric bulb.
LM7805voltage regulator
7805is avoltage regulatorintegrated circuit. It is a
member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs.
The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and
would not give the fixed voltage output. Thevoltage
regulator ICmaintains the output voltage at a constant
value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is
designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power
supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at
input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage
levels.
Overview of
Sensors
What makes a machine a robot?
Sensing
information
about the
environment
where
is the
truck?
where should I dig?
Planning
Acting
action
on the
environment
Why do robots need sensors?
What is the angle of my arm?
internal information
What is Sensing ?
Collect information about the world
Sensor - an electrical/mechanical/chemical
device that maps an environmental attribute
to a quantitative measurement
attribute mixtures - often no one to one map
hidden state in environment
Each sensor is based on a transduction
principle - conversion of energy from one
form to another
Also known as transducers
Why do robots need sensors?
Where am I?
?
localization
Why do robots need sensors?
Will I hit anything?
obstacle detection
Sensing for specific tasks
Where is the cropline?
Autonomous
harvesting
Sensing for specific tasks
Where are the forkholes?
Autonomous material handling
Simple Practical Sensors
we worked on
1. Infra Red Sensor
2. Light Sensor
3. Water Sensor
4. Heat Sensor
5. Sound Sensor
6. Smoke Sensor
7. Motion Sensor
8. Ultra Sonic
Sensor
Thank
You
