ME300H Introduction to Finite
Element Methods
Finite Element Analysis of Plane Elasticity
Review of Linear Elasticity
Linear Elasticity: A theory to predict mechanical response
of an elastic body under a general loading condition.
Stress: measurement of force intensity
xx xy xz xy yx
yx yy yz with yz zy
zx zy zz
xz zx
xx xy
2-D
yx yy
Review of Linear Elasticity
Traction (surface force) :
r t x xx n x xy n y
t
t y xy n x yy n y
Equilibrium Newtons Law
F 0
xx xy xx xy
fx 0 f x u&
&
x y x y
x
yx yy yx yy
fy 0 f y u&
&y
x y x y
Static Dynamic
Review of Linear Elasticity
Strain: measurement of intensity of deformation
u 1 1 u x u y u y
xx x xy xy yy
x 2 2 y x y
Generalized Hookes Law
xx xx e 2G xx
xx yy zz
E E E
yy e 2G yy
yy xx yy zz
E E E zz e 2G zz
zz xx yy zz
E E E
e xx yy zz
xy G xy yz G yz zx G zx
E
E
G 1 1 2
2 1
Plane Stress and Plane Strain
Plane Stress - Thin Plate:
E E
0
x C 11 C 12 0 x x 1 2 1 2
E x
E y
y C 12 C 22 0 y y 0
1 2 1 2
xy 0 0 C 33 xy
xy E xy
0 0
2 1
Plane Stress and Plane Strain
Plane Strain - Thick Plate:
1 E E
0
1 1 2 1 1 2
x C 11 C 12 0 x x x
E 1 E
y C 12 C 22 0 y y
1 1 2
0
1 1 2 y
0 0 C 33 xy E xy
xy xy 0 0
2 1
Plane Stress: Plane Strain:
E
Replace E by 1 2
and by 1
Equations of Plane Elasticity
Governing Equations
(Static Equilibrium)
Strain-Deformation
x xy (Small Deformation)
Constitutive Relation 0
(Linear Elasticity) x y
xy y u v
x C 11 C 12 0 x 0 x y
x y x y
y C 12 C 22 0 y v u
0 0 C 33 xy xy
xy x y
u v u v
C 11 C 12 C 33 C 33 0
x x y y y x
u v u v
C 33 C 33 C 12 C 22 0
x y x y x y
Specification of Boundary Conditions
EBC: Specify u(x,y) and/or v(x,y) on
NBC: Specify tx and/or ty on
where T ( s) t x i t y j ; t x xx nx xy n y ; t y yx nx yy n y
is the traction on the boundary at the segment ds.
Weak Formulation for Plane Elasticity
u v u v
0 w 1 C 11 C 12 C 33 C 33 dxdy
x x y y y x
u v u v
0 w 2 C 33 C 33 C 12 C 22 dxdy
x y x y x y
w 1 u v w 1 u v
0 C 11 C 12 C 33 dxdy w1 t x ds
x x y y y x
w 2 u v w 2 u v
0 C 33 C 12 C 22 dxdy w 2 t y ds
x y x y x y
u v u v
t x C 11 C 12 n x C 33
n y
x y y x are components of
where traction on the
t C u v n C u C v n boundary
33 x 12 x y
y y x
22
y
Finite Element Formulation for Plane Elasticity
n
n n
u( x , y ) j ( x , y )u j
1 11
12
Fi K u j K ij
ij vj
Let j 1
n
j 1
n
j 1
n
v ( x , y ) j ( x , y )v j Fi 2 K ij21 u j K ij22 v j
j 1 j 1 j 1
i j i j
K
11
ij C 11 C 33 dxdy
x x y y
j j
where K ij C 33 i dxdy K 21
12
C 12 i ji
x y y x
i j i j
K
22
ij C 33 C 22 dxdy
x x y y
Fi i t x ds i f x dxdy
1
and
Fi i t y ds i f y dxdy
2
Constant-Strain Triangular (CST) Element for Plane
Stress Analysis
v2 , F2 y
u2 , F2 x
v3 , F3 y
v1 , F1 y
u3 , F3 x
u1 , F1 x
u( x, y ) c1 c2 x c3 y 1u1 2u2 3u3
Let
v ( x, y ) c5 c6 x c7 y 1v1 2v2 3v3
x2 y3 x3 y 2 x3 y1 x1 y 3 x1 y2 x2 y 1
1 x y 1 x y y y 3
1 x y
1 y 2 y3 2 1 y1 y2
2 Ae 2 Ae
3
2 Ae x x
x x x x 1
3 2 1 3 2
Constant-Strain Triangular (CST) Element for Plane
Stress Analysis
k11 k12 k13 k14 k15 k16 u 1 F1 x
k k22 k23 k24 k25 k26 v F
21 1 1 y
1 k31 k32 k33 k34 k35 k36 u2 F2 x
4 Ae k41 k42 k43 k44 k45 k46 v2 F2 y
k51 k52 k53 k54 k55 k56 u 3 F3 x
k61 k62 k63 k64 k65 k66 v 3 F3 y
k11 c11 y2 y3 c33 x3 x2 ; k 21 c12 y2 y3 x3 x2 c33 y2 y3 ; k22 c22 x3 x2 c33 y2 y3
2 2 2 2 2
k31 c11 y3 y1 y2 y3 c33 x1 x3 x3 x2 ; k32 c12 y3 y1 x3 x2 c33 x1 x3 x3 x2 ; k33 c11 y3 y1 c33 x1 x3
2 2
k41 c12 y2 y3 c33 x1 x3 x3 x2 ; k42 c22 x1 x3 x3 x2 c33 y2 y3 y3 y1 ; k43 c12 x1 x3 y3 y1 c33 x1 x3
2
k44 c22 x1 x3 c33 y3 y1 ; k51 c11 y1 y2 y2 y3 c33 x2 x1 x3 x2 ; k52 c12 y1 y 2 c33 x2 x1 x3 x2
2 2
k53 c11 y1 y2 y3 y1 c33 x2 x1 x1 x3 ; k54 c12 y1 y2 x1 x3 c33 x2 x1 x1 x3 ; k55 c11 y1 y 2 c33 x2 x1
2 2
k61 c12 y2 y3 c33 x2 x1 x3 x2 k62 c22 x2 x1 x3 x2 c33 y1 y2 y2 y3 k63 c12 y3 y1 c33 x2 x 1 x1 x3
k64 c22 x1 x3 x2 x1 c33 y1 y2 y3 y1 k65 c12 y1 y2 x2 x1 c33 x2 x1 k66 c22 x2 x1 c33 y1 y2
2 2 2
4-Node Rectangular Element for Plane Stress Analysis
u( x , y ) c1 c 2 x c 3 y c 4 xy 1 u1 2 u2 3 u3 4 u4
Let v ( x , y ) c c x c y c xy v v v v
5 6 7 8 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
x y x y
1 1 1 2 1
a b a b
x y x y
3 4 1
a b a b
4-Node Rectangular Element for Plane Stress Analysis
E
For Plane Strain Analysis: E and
1 2 1
Loading Conditions for Plane Stress Analysis
n n
Fi K u j K v j Fi i t x ds i f x dxdy
1 11 12 1
ij ij
j 1 j 1
n n
Fi K ij u j K ij v j 2
2 21 22
Fi i t y ds i f y dxdy
j 1 j 1
Evaluation of Applied Nodal Forces
Fi1 i t x ds
y
2
Fx(2A ) F 2
1 ( A)
2 t x ds
b x
a
y
1 o 1
b 16
tdy
0
8 y y
2
8 y y2 y3
0.1 dy 100 0 1 2
8
Fx(2A ) 1 1000 1 2
dy 383.3
0 8 8 16 8 16 8 16
x y y
2
Fx(3A ) F 3
1 ( A)
3 t x ds
b
o 1
a b 16
tdy
0
8 y y
2
8 y y3
0.1 dy 100 0
8
F ( A)
x3 1000 1 2
dy 350
0 88 16 8 8 16
Evaluation of Applied Nodal Forces
2
F (B)
x2
F 2
1 (B)
2 t x ds
b x
a
y
1 o 1
b
y8
16
tdy
0
8 y y8
2
8 3 5 y y2 y3
0.1 dy 100 0
8
Fx(2B ) 1 1000 1 2 2
dy 216.7
0 8 8 16 4 32 16 8 16
x y
2
F (B)
x3
F 3
1 (B)
3 t x ds
b
o 1
a b
y8
tdy
0
16
8 y y8
2
3 y 2 y2 y3
0.1 dy 100 0
8 8
F (B)
x3 1000 1 2 2
dy 116 .7
0 88 16 32 16 8 16
Element Assembly for Plane Elasticity
(B) (B)
Fx 1 u 3
F v
y1 3
5 6 Fx 2 u 4
Fy2
v 4
B
Fx 4 u
5
F y4 v 5
3 Fx 3 u
6
4
F y3 v 6
( A) ( A)
Fx 1 u 1
F v
3 4 y1 1
Fx 2 u 2
F
y2 v
2
A
Fx 4 u 3
F y4 v 3
1 2
F u
x3 4
Fy v 4
3
Element Assembly for Plane Elasticity
5 6
B
3 4
A
1 2
Fx(1A ) 0 0 0 0 u 1
v
F y(1A ) 0 0 0 0 1
( A)
Fx 2 0 0 0 0 u 2
F y(2A ) 0 0 0 0 v
2
Fx(4A ) Fx(1B ) u 3
F y(4A ) F y(1B ) v
3
Fx(3A ) Fx(2B ) u 4
F y(3A ) F y(2B ) v 4
0
Fx(4B ) 0 0 0 5 u
(B)
F y4 0 0 0 0 v 5
Fx(3B ) 0 0 0 0 u 6
F y(3B ) 0 0 0 0 v
6
Comparison of Applied Nodal Forces
Discussion on Boundary Conditions
Must have sufficient EBCs to suppress rigid body
translation and rotation
For higher order elements, the mid side nodes cannot be
skipped while applying EBCs/NBCs
Plane Stress Example 2
Plane Stress Example 3
Evaluation of Strains
x y x y
1 1 1 2 1
a b a b
x y x y
3 4 1
a b a b
u( x , y ) 1 u1 2 u2 3 u3 4 u4
v ( x , y ) 1v 1 2 v 2 3 v 3 4 v 4
4 j
u
x uj
x x j 1
v 4 j
y
y
y
vj
j 1
xy u v 4
j j
y x uj v j
j 1 y x
Evaluation of Stresses
u1
v
1 y 1 y y y 1
a 1 0 1 0 0 0 u2
x b a b ab ab
1 x x x 1 x v2
y 0 1 0 0 0 1 u3
b a ab ab b a
xy
1 1 x 1 y
1
x 1 y
1
x y 1 x
1
y v3
b a a b ab a b ab ab b a ab u
4
v
4
Plane Stress Analysis Plane Strain Analysis
E E 1 E E
0
0
x 1 2 1 2 x x 1 1 2 1 1 2 x
E E y E 1 E
y 0 y 0
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 y
xy E xy xy E xy
0 0 0 0
2 1 2 1
