THE STRUCTURED

QUERY LANGUAGE
(SQL)
Dr Damitha D Karunaratna
Classification of SQL
Two sublanguages:
DDL Data Definition Language
Define and modify schema
DML Data Manipulation Language
Queries can be written intuitively.
 Example Database
Enrollment
Student
s sid subid
sid sname sex age
1 1
1 Nimal m 14
1 2
2 Saman m 16
2 1
3 Nirmala f 15
3 1
4 Kusum f 12
3 2
Subject 3 4
ssid sname 4 3
1 Maths
2 Science
3 English
4 Sinhala
 Creating Tables
Student
s
sid sname sex age CREATE TABLE Students (
sid INTEGER,
1 Nimal m 14 sname CHAR(20),
2 Saman m 16 sex CHAR(1),
age INTEGER,
3 Nirmala f 15 PRIMARY KEY (sid))
4 Kusum f 12
 Creating Tables
Subject
ssid CREATE TABLE Subjects (
sname sid INTEGER,
1 Maths sname CHAR(20),
PRIMARY KEY (sid))
2 Science
3 English
4 Sinhala
 Creating Tables
Enrollment
CREATE TABLE Enrollment (
sid subid sid INTEGER,
1 1 subid INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY (sid, subid),
1 2 foreign KEY references Students (sid),
foreign KEY references Subjects (sid))
2 1
3 1
3 2
3 4
4 3
Inserting rows to a table

Student
s
sid sname sex age Insert into Students(sid,sname,sex,age)
Values(1,Nimal,m,14);
1 Nimal m 14
2 Saman f 16 Insert into Students(sid,sname,sex,age)
Values(2,Saman,f,16);
Changing(Modifying) values

Student
s
sid sname sex age Update Students
Set sex=m
1 Nimal m 14 Where sid = 2
2 Saman f 16
Deleting Rows

Student
s
sid sname sex age delete from Students
Where sid = 2
1 Nimal m 14
2 Saman f 16
 Querying the Database (Example
1)
Subject Enrollment
Student
ssid sname sid subid
s
sid sname sex age
1 Maths 1 1
1 Nimal m 14
2 Science 1 2
2 Saman m 16
3 English 2 1
3 Nirmala f 15
4 Sinhala 3 1
4 Kusum f 12
3 2
3 4
Select * from Students 4 3
 Querying the Database (Example
2)
Subject Enrollment
Student
ssid sname sid subid
s
sid sname sex age
1 Maths 1 1
1 Nimal m 14
2 Science 1 2
2 Saman m 16
3 English 2 1
3 Nirmala f 15
4 Sinhala 3 1
4 Kusum f 12
3 2
3 4
Select sid,sname from Students 4 3
 Querying the Database (Example
3)
Subject Enrollment
Student
ssid sname sid subid
s
sid sname sex age
1 Maths 1 1
1 Nimal m 14
2 Science 1 2
2 Saman m 16
3 English 2 1
3 Nirmala f 15
4 Sinhala 3 1
4 Kusum f 12
3 2
3 4
Select sid,sname from Students where sex = f 4 3
 Querying the Database (Example
4)
Subject Enrollment
Student
ssid sname sid subid
s
sid sname sex age
1 Maths 1 1
1 Nimal m 14
2 Science 1 2
2 Saman m 16
3 English 2 1
3 Nirmala f 15
4 Sinhala 3 1
4 Kusum f 12
3 2
3 4
Select sid,sname from Students where sex = f 4 3
order by age
 Querying the Database (Example
5)
Subject Enrollment
Student
ssid sname sid subid
s
sid sname sex age
1 Maths 1 1
1 Nimal m 14
2 Science 1 2
2 Saman m 16
3 English 2 1
3 Nirmala f 15
4 Sinhala 3 1
4 Kusum f 12
3 2
3 4
Select sid,sname from Students where sex = f 4 3
order by age desc

Select sid,sname from Students where sex = f

order by age asc
 Querying the Database (Example
6)
Subject Enrollment
Student
ssid sname sid subid
s
sid sname sex age
1 Maths 1 1
1 Nimal m 14
2 Science 1 2
2 Saman m 16
3 English 2 1
3 Nirmala f 15
4 Sinhala 3 1
4 Kusum f 12
3 2
3 4
Select [Link], [Link] 4 3
from Students std, Subjects sub, Enrollment en
where [Link] = [Link] and [Link] = [Link]
 Querying the Database (Example
7)
Subject Enrollment
Student
ssid sname sid subid
s
sid sname sex age
1 Maths 1 1
1 Nimal m 14
2 Science 1 2
2 Saman m 16
3 English 2 1
3 Nirmala f 15
4 Sinhala 3 1
4 Kusum f 12
3 2
3 4
Select [Link], [Link] 4 3
from Students std, Subjects sub, Enrollment en
where [Link] = [Link] and [Link] = [Link] and [Link] = 1
Views (Virtual Tables)
CREATE VIEW male_students AS
SELECT *
FROM students
WHERE sex = m
ORDER BY sid