Submitted To- Presented By-
Resp. Talib Sir Abhishek Agarwal (14EI01)
Shobhit Saxena (14EI50)
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
DISCOVERY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF RESISTIVITY
MEISSNER EFFECT
PERSISTENT CURRENT
TYPE - I AND TYPE- II SUPERCONDUCTOR
COOPER PAIR
BCS THEORY
APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUTORS
INTRODUCTION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
The Phenomena of complete and sudden
disappearence of electrical resistance
observed in certain metallic elements ,
compounds , ceremics at temperature close to
absolute zero is known as
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.
The materials which hold this property are
called superconductors.
The temperature at or below which a
substance becomes superconducting is called
Trasition temperature(Tc) or critical
temperature.
1911: DISCOVERY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes
in 1911 during first low temperature
measurements to liquefy helium
Whilst measuring the resistivity of
pure Hg he noticed that the electrical
resistance dropped to zero at 4.2K
In 1912 he found that the resistive state
is restored in a magnetic field or at high
transport currents
1913
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF RESISTIVITY
The Electrical resistivity of a
material decreases as the
temperature is reduced.
When temperature is lowered ,
the thermal vibrations of atoms
decreases and the conduction
electrons are less frequently
scattered .
The decrease of resistance is
linear down to a temperature
equal to one-third of the
characteristics debye temperature
of the material.
THE MEISSNER EFFECT
superconductors push out magnetic fields
T > Tc T < Tc - and keep them out
with constantly- flowing
resistance-less currents
this diamagnetic property is more fundamental than zero resistance
PERSISTANT CURRENT
N S supercurrent can also flow
currents flow in loops under the poles around a ring
B
superconducting plate
N S
-and repel the magnet as if
there were an image magnet giving a magnetic field B
underneath: N to N and S to S! that never dies away
TYPES OF SUPERCONDUCTOR
Type I
Exhibits perfect diamagnetism below
transition temperature Tc and has only one
critical magnetic field Bc.
Type II
Totally expels and excludes magnetic flux
below lower critical field Bc1 and partially
does so between Bc1 and upper critical field
Bc2; all superconductors except elements
are Type II. This type has a larger Tc than
that of a Type I superconductor.
COOPER PAIRS
Cooper pairs can tunnel together through the insulating layer of Josephson Junction.
This process is identical to that of quantum barrier
penetration in quantum mechanics.
Because of the superconducting nature (no
resistance) and the fact that Cooper pairs
can jointly tunnel through an insulator we can
maintain a quantum current through the Josephson Junction without an applied voltage
A changing magnetic field induces a current to flow in a ring of metal, this effect
can be used to detect flux quanta. Radio Astronomy uses these devices frequently.
Thus a Josephson Junction can be used as a very sensitive voltage, current or
flux detector.
BCS THEORY
John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and Bob Schrieffer
B. C. S.
Nobel Prize 1972 for their theory of 1957 which
explained conventional superconductors: nearly 50
years after their discovery by Kamerlingh Onnes!
APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
