BIOLOGY

Chapter 4: pp. 59-84

10th Edition

Cell Structure and

Sylvia S. Mader
Function
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
Ribosome: Fimbriae: regulates entrance
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that and exit of molecules
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body: Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients for elongated, hollow
later use appendage used for
DNA transfer to other Nucleus:
Mesosome:
bacterial cells Cytoskeleton:
plasma membrane
maintains cell
that folds into the Nucleoid: shape and assists
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial movement of
increases surface area chromosome cell parts:
Endoplasmic
Plasma membrane: reticulum:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

*not in plant cells

PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
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Outline
Cellular Level of Organization
Cell theory
Cell size
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Organelles
Nucleus and Ribosome
Endomembrane System
Other Vesicles and Vacuoles
Energy related organelles
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella

2
Cell Theory
Detailed study of the cell began in the 1830s
A unifying concept in biology
Originated from the work of biologists Schleiden
and Schwann in 1838-9
States that:
All organisms are composed of cells
German botanist Matthais Schleiden in 1838
German zoologist Theodor Schwann in 1839
All cells come only from preexisting cells
German physician Rudolph Virchow in 1850s
Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of
organisms

3
Organisms and Cells
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. c.

b. 50 m d. 140 m

a: Geoff Bryant/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: Courtesy Ray F. Evert/University of Wisconsin Madison;

c: Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service; d: Courtesy O. Sabatakou and E. Xylouri-Frangiadak
4
Sizes of Living Things
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0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 mm 1 cm 0.1 m 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km

protein
chloroplast
plant and mouse rose
animal frog egg
amino cells
acid
virus
ostrich
most bacteria human egg ant egg
atom
blue whale
electron microscope human

light microscope

human eye

5
Cell Size
Cells range in size from one millimeter down to
one micrometer
Cells need a large surface area of plasma
membrane to adequately exchange materials.
The surface-area-to-volume ratio requires that
cells be small
Large cells - surface area relative to volume decreases
Volume is living cytoplasm, which demands nutrients
and produces wastes
Cells specialized in absorption utilize membrane
modifications such as microvilli to greatly increase
surface area per unit volume
6
Surface to Volume Ratio
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

One 4-cm cube Eight 2-cm cubes Sixty-four 1-cm cubes

Total surface area (height width number of sides number of cubes)

96 cm2 192 cm2 384 cm2

Total volume (height width length number of cubes)

64 cm3 64 cm3 64 cm3

Surface area: Volume per cube (surface area volume)

1.5:1 3:1 6:1

7
Microscopy Today: Compound Light
Microscope
Light passed through specimen

Focused by glass lenses

Image formed on human retina

Max magnification about 1000X

Resolves objects separated by 0.2 mm, 500X

better than human eye

8
Compound Light Microscope
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85 m
amoeba, light micrograph

eye
ocular lens
light rays

objective lens
specimen
condenser lens

light source

a. Compound light microscope

Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service

9
Microscopy Today: Transmission
Electron Microscope
Abbreviated T.E.M.
Electrons passed through specimen
Focused by magnetic lenses
Image formed on fluorescent screen
Similar to TV screen
Image is then photographed
Max magnification 1000,000sX
Resolves objects separated by 0.00002 mm,
100,000X better than human eye
10
Transmission Electron Microscope
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200 nm
pseudopod segment, transmission electron
micrograph

electron source
electron beam

electromagnetic
condenser lens

specimen

electromagnetic
objective lens

electromagnetic
projector lens

observation screen
or
photographic plate

b. Transmission electron microscope

M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited

11
Microscopy Today: Scanning
Electron Microscope
Abbreviated S.E.M.
Specimen sprayed with thin coat of metal
Electron beam scanned across surface of specimen
Metal emits secondary electrons

Emitted electrons focused by magnetic lenses

Image formed on fluorescent screen
Similar to TV screen
Image is then photographed

12
Scanning Electron Microscope
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500 m
amoeba, scanning electron micrograph

electron gun
electron beam

electromagnetic
condenser
lenses

scanning coil

final
condenser electron
lens detector
secondary
electrons TV
specimen viewing
screen

c. Scanning electron microscope

Kessel/Shih/Peter Arnold, Inc.

13
Microscopy Today: Immunofluorescence
Light Microscope
Antibodies developed against a specific protein
Fluorescent dye molecule attached to antibody
molecules
Specimen exposed to fluorescent antibodies
Ultra-violet light (black light) passed through
specimen
Fluorescent dye glows in color where antigen is
located
Emitted light is focused by glass lenses onto human
retina
Allows mapping distribution of a specific protein
in cell

14
Microscopy Today: Confocal Microscopy

Narrow laser beam scanned across transparent

specimen

Beam is focused at a very thin plane

Allows microscopist to optically section a

specimen
Sections made at different levels

Allows assembly of 3d image on computer screen that

can be rotated

15
Microscopy and Amoeba proteus
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85 m 200 nm 500 m
amoeba, light micrograph pseudopod segment, transmission electron amoeba, scanning electron micrograph
micrograph

electron source electron gun

eye electron beam
ocular lens electron beam
light rays
electromagnetic
condenser lens electromagnetic
condenserl
enses
specimen

electromagnetic
objective lens
objective lens scanning coil
specimen
condenser lens
final
electromagnetic
Condenser electron
projector lens
lens detector
secondary
observation screen electrons TV
or specimen Viewing
light source photographic plate screen

a. Compound light microscope b. Transmission electron microscope c. Scanning electron microscope

a: Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; b: M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; c: Kessel/Shih/Peter Arnold, Inc.

16
Microscopy and Cheek Cells

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30 m 30 m 25 m 25 m 25 m

Bright-field. Light Bright-field (stained). Differential interference Phase contrast. Density Dark-field. Light is passed
passing through the Dyes are used to stain contrast. Optical methods differences in the through the specimen at
specimen is brought the specimen. Certain are used to enhance specimen cause light rays an oblique angle so that
directly into focus. Usually, components take up density differences within to come out of phase. the objective lens receives
the low level of contrast the dye more than other the specimen so that The microscope enhances only light diffracted and
within the specimen components, and therefore certain regions appear these phase differences so scattered by the object.
interferes with viewing all contrast is enhanced. brighter than others. This that some regions of the This technique is used to
but its largest components. technique is used to view specimen appear brighter view organelles, which
living cells, chromosomes, or darker than others. The appear quite bright against
and organelle masses. technique is widely used a dark field.
to observe living cells and
organelles.
(Bright field): Ed Reschke; (Bright field stained): Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
(Differential, Phase contrast, Dark field): David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

17
Prokaryotic Cells
Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
cells (which have a nucleus).
Prokaryotic cells are placed in two taxonomic
domains:
Bacteria
Archaea
Live in extreme habitats
Domains are structurally similar but biochemically
different

18
The Structure of Bacteria
Extremely small - 11.5 m wide and 26 m long
Occur in three basic shapes:
Spherical coccus,
Rod-shaped bacillus,
Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible).
Cell Envelope includes:
Plasma membrane - lipid bilayer with imbedded and peripheral
protein
Form internal pouches (mesosomes)
Cell wall - maintains the shape of the cell and is strengthened by
peptidoglycan
Glycocalyx - layer of polysaccharides on the outside of the cell
wall
Well organized and resistant to removal (capsule)

19
The Structure of Bacteria

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

spirillum

spirochete bacillus

coccus

20
The Structure of Bacteria

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

protein
molecules

phospholipid
bilayer

21
The Structure of Bacteria
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ribosome: Fimbriae:
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients for
elongated, hollow
later use
appendage used for
Mesosome: DNA transfer to other
plasma membrane bacterial cells
that folds into the Nucleoid:
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial
increases surface area chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell

Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present Escherichia coli
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

Howard Sochurek/The Medical File/Peter Arnold, Inc.

22
The Structure of Bacteria Cytoplasm &
Appendages
Cytoplasm
Semifluid solution
Bounded by plasma membrane
Contains water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes.
Nucleoid is a region that contains the single, circular DNA
molecule.
Plasmids are small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA
Appendages
Flagella Provide motility
Fimbriae small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell
surface
Sex pili rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to
cell

23
Eukaryotic Cells
Domain Eukarya includes:
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Cells contain:
Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
Specialized organelles
Plasma membrane
Much larger than prokaryotic cells
Some cells (e.g., plant cells) have a cell wall

24
Hypothesized Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Original
prokaryotic cell

DNA

1. Cell gains a nucleus by the

plasma membrane invaginating
and surrounding the DNA
with a double membrane.

2. Cell gains an endomembrane

system by proliferation
of membrane.

3. Cell gains mitochondria.

aerobic
bacterium

mitochondrion

4. Cell gains chloroplasts.

chloroplast
photosynthetic
bacterium
Animal cell
has mitochondria,
but not chloroplasts.

Plant cell
has both mitochondria
and chloroplasts.

25
Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
They contain small structures called organelles
Perform specific functions
Isolates reactions from others
Two classes of organelles:
Endomembrane system:
Organelles that communicate with one another
Via membrane channels
Via small vesicles
Energy related organelles
Mitochondria & chloroplasts
Basically independent & self-sufficient

26
Plasma Membrane

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

protein
molecules

phospholipid
bilayer

27
Cell Fractionation and Differential
Centrifugation
Cell fractionation is the breaking apart of
cellular components
Differential centrifugation:
Allows separation of cell parts
Separated out by size & density

Works like spin cycle of washer

The faster the machine spins, the smaller
the parts that are settled out
28
Cell Fractionation and Differential
Centrifugation
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Grind cells Centrifuge cells at

different speeds

speed of 600 g speed of 15,000 g speed of 100,000 g soluble portion

for 10 min for 5 min for 60 min of cytoplasm

nuclei mitochondria and lysosomes ribosomes and endoplasmic

in sediment in sediment reticulum in sediment

29
Animal Cell Anatomy
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules

protein

phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell

Nuclear envelope: double

Cytoskeleton: maintains membrane with nuclear pores
cell shape and assists movement that encloses nucleus
of cell parts: Chromatin: diffuse threads
containing DNA and protein
Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces
cylinders that move subunits of ribosomes
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Intermediate filaments: protein and lipid metabolism
protein fibers that provide Rough ER: studded with
stability of shape ribosomes that synthesize
Actin filaments: protein proteins
fibers that play a role in Smooth ER: lacks
change of shape ribosomes, synthesizes
lipid molecules

Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

cylinders of microtubules that is involved in
of unknown function fatty acid metabolism
Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:
organizing center that particles that carry
contains a pair of centrioles out protein synthesis
Lysosome*: vesicle that Polyribosome: string of
digests macromolecules
ribosomes simultaneously
and even cell parts
synthesizing same protein
Vesicle: small membrane-
bounded sac that stores
and transports substances
Mitochondrion: organelle
Cytoplasm: semifluid that carries out cellular respiration,
matrix outside nucleus producing ATP molecules
that contains organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
*not in plant cells and secretes modified proteins

30
Plant Cell Anatomy
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nucleus: command center of cell

Central vacuole*: large, fluid-filled
Nuclear envelope: double membrane with
sac that stores metabolites and
nuclear pores that encloses nucleus
helps maintain turgor pressure
Nucleolus: produces subunits of ribosomes
Chromatin: diffuse threads containing Cell wall of adjacent cell
DNA and protein
Nuclear pore: permits passage of Middle lamella:
proteins into nucleus and ribosomal cements together the
subunits out of nucleus primary cell walls of
Ribosomes: carry adjacent plant cells
out protein synthesis Chloroplast*: carries
Centrosome: out photosynthesis,
microtubule organizing producing sugars
center (lacks centrioles)
Granum*: a stack
Endoplasmic of chlorophyll-containing
reticulum: protein thylakoids
and lipid metabolism in a chloroplast
Rough ER: studded Mitochondrion: organelle
with ribosomes that that carries out cellular
synthesize proteins respiration, producing
ATP molecules
Smooth ER: lacks
ribosomes, synthesizes Microtubules: protein cylinders
lipid molecules that aid movement of organelles
Peroxisome: vesicle that Actin filaments: protein fibers
is involved in fatty acid that play a role in movement of
metabolism cell and organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes,
Plasma membrane: surrounds
packages, and secretes
cytoplasm, and regulates entrance
modified proteins
and exit of molecules
Cytoplasm: semifluid matrix outside Cell wall*: outer surface that shapes,
nucleus that contains organelles supports, and protects cell

*not in animal cells

31
Typical Plant Cell
Nucleus
Command center of cell, usually near center
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
Consists of double layer of membrane
Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm
& cytoplasm
Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm
Chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins
Condenses to form chromosomes
Chromosomes are formed during cell division
Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA
Produces subunits of ribosomes

33
Anatomy of the Nucleus
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

nuclear
envelope

nucleolus

Nuclear envelope: nuclear

inner membrane pore
outer membrane chromatin
nucleoplasm
nuclear pore

phospholipid

(Bottom): Courtesy Ron Milligan/Scripps Research Institute; (Top right): Courtesy E.G. Pollock

34
Ribosomes
Are the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Composed of rRNA
Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit
Subunits made in nucleolus

May be located:
On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it
rough), or
Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called
polyribosomes

35
Nucleus, Ribosomes, & ER
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Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)

ER membrane
protein
4. An enzyme removes
the signal peptide. Lumen of ER

5. Ribosomal subunits and

mRNA break away. The
protein remains in the ER enzyme
and folds into its final shape.

mRNA receptor

SRP
signal recognition
particle (SRP)

2. Signal recognition
3. SRP attaches to receptor (purple); particle (SRP) binds
a channel opens; and the to signal peptide.
polypeptide enters ER..

signal peptide
ribosomal
subunits nuclear pore
ribosome

mRNA

mRNA DNA

1. mRNA is leaving the

nucleus and is attached Nucleus
to the ribosome; protein
synthesis is occurring.

36
Endomembrane System
Series of intracellular membranes that
compartmentalize the cell
Restrict enzymatic reactions to specific
compartments within cell
Consists of:
Nuclear envelope
Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
Several types
Transport materials between organelles of system

37
Endomembrane System:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of membrane channels and saccules (flattened vesicles)
continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side
Protein anabolism
Synthesizes proteins
Modifies and processes proteins
Adds sugar to protein
Results in glycoproteins
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids
Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage
Forms transport vesicles

38
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

ribosomes nuclear envelope

rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

0.08 m
R. Bolender & D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited

39
Endomembrane System:
The Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Consists of 3-20 flattened, curved saccules
Resembles stack of hollow pancakes
Modifies proteins and lipids
Receives vesicles from ER on cis (or inner face)
Packages them in vesicles
Prepares for shipment in v Packages them in
vesicles from trans (or outer face)
Within cell
Export from cell (secretion, exocytosis)

40
Golgi Apparatus
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

secretion

transport saccules
vesicle
transport
vesicle

trans face

cis face

Golgi apparatus

Nucleus

0.1 m

Courtesy Charles Flickinger, from Journal of Cell Biology 49: 221-226, 1971, Fig. 1 page 224

41
Endomembrane System: Lysosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles (not in plants)
Produced by the Golgi apparatus
Contain powerful digestive enzymes and are highly
acidic
Digestion of large molecules
Recycling of cellular resources
Apoptosis (programmed cell death, like tadpole losing tail)

Some genetic diseases

Caused by defect in lysosomal enzyme
Lysosomal storage diseases (Tay-Sachs)

42
Lysosomes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

lysosome

mitochondrion peroxisome fragment

a. Mitochondrion and a peroxisome in a lysosome

b. Storage bodies in a cell with defective lysosomes

a: Courtesy Daniel S. Friend; b: Courtesy Robert D. Terry/Univ. of San Diego School of Medicine

43
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44
Endomembrane System: Summary
Proteins produced in rough ER and lipids from
smooth ER are carried in vesicles to the Golgi
apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus modifies these products and
then sorts and packages them into vesicles that
go to various cell destinations.
Secretory vesicles carry products to the
membrane where exocytosis produces
secretions.
Lysosomes fuse with incoming vesicles and
digest macromolecules.

45
Endomembrane System: A Visual Summary
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
secretion
plasma
membrane

incoming vesicle secretory vesicle

brings substances into the fuses with the plasma
cell that are digested when membrane as secretion
the vesicle fuses with a occurs
lysosome

enzyme

Golgi apparatus
modifies lipids and proteins
lysosome from the ER; sorts them
contains digestive enzymes and packages them in
that break down worn-out vesicles
cell parts or substances
entering the cell at the
plasma membrane protein

transport vesicle
transport vesicle shuttles proteins to
shuttles lipids to various various locations such as
locations such as the the Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
lipid

rough endoplasmic
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
reticulum synthesizes proteins and
synthesizes lipids and packages them in vesicles;
also performs various vesicles commonly go to
other functions the Golgi apparatus

ribosome Nucleus

46
Peroxisomes
Similar to lysosomes
Membrane-bounded vesicles
Enclose enzymes
However
Enzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in cytoplasm
(instead of ER)
Active in lipid metabolism
Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
Toxic
Broken down to water & O2 by catalase

47
Peroxisomes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

100 nm
S.E. Frederick & E.H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service

48
Vacuoles
Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles
Store materials that occur in excess
Others very specialized (contractile vacuole)
Plants cells typically have a central vacuole
Up to 90% volume of some cells
Functions in:
Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products
Development of turgor pressure
Some functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes

49
Vacuoles
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

100 nm
Newcomb/Wergin/Biological Photo Service

50
Energy-Related Organelles:
Chloroplast Structure
Bounded by double membrane
Inner membrane infolded
Forms disc-like thylakoids, which are stacked to form
grana
Suspended in semi-fluid stroma

Green due to chlorophyll

Green photosynthetic pigment
Found ONLY in inner membranes of chloroplast

51
Energy-Related Organelles: Chloroplasts
Membranous organelles (a type of plastid) that serve as the site of
photosynthesis

Captures light energy to drive cellular machinery

Photosynthesis

Synthesizes carbohydrates from CO2 & H2O

Makes own food using CO2 as only carbon source

Energy-poor compounds converted to energy-rich compounds

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water carbohydrate + oxygen

Only plants, algae, and certain bacteria are capable of conducting

photosynthesis

52
Energy-Related Organelles: Chloroplasts

Bound by a double membrane organized

into flattened disc-like sacs called
thylakoids
Chlorophyll and other pigments capture
solar energy
Enzymes synthesize carbohydrates

53
Chloroplast Structure
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. 500 nm

outer thylakoid
membrane grana space stroma thylakoid membrane
double inner
membrane membrane

b.

a: Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University

54
Chloroplasts
Energy-Related Organelles: Mitochondria
Smaller than chloroplast

Contain ribosomes and their own DNA

Surrounded by a double membrane

Inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted (folds) to form

cristae.

Matrix Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymes

Break down carbohydrates

Involved in cellular respiration

Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell

56
Mitochondrial Structure
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. 200 nm
outer
membrane cristae matrix
double
inner
membrane
membrane

b.

a: Courtesy Dr. Keith Porter

57
The Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape

Assists in movement of cell and organelles

Three types of macromolecular fibers

Actin Filaments

Intermediate Filaments

Microtubules

Assemble and disassemble as needed

58
The Cytoskeleton: Actin Filaments
Extremely thin filaments like twisted pearl
necklace
Dense web just under plasma membrane
maintains cell shape
Support for microvilli in intestinal cells
Intracellular traffic control
For moving stuff around within cell
Cytoplasmic streaming
Function in pseudopods of amoeboid cells
Pinch mother cell in two after animal mitosis
Important component in muscle contraction (other
is myosin)

59
The Cytoskeleton: Actin Filament Operation

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

actin filament

ATP ADP + P myosin

molecules

tail head membrane

60
The Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate in size between actin filaments and

microtubules
Rope-like assembly of fibrous polypeptides
Vary in nature
From tissue to tissue
From time to time
Functions:
Support nuclear envelope
Cell-cell junctions, like those holding skin cells tightly
together
61
The Cytoskeleton: Microtubules
Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins
called a and b tubulin
Spontaneous pairing of a and b tubulin molecules
form structures called dimers
Dimers then arrange themselves into tubular
spirals of 13 dimers around
Assembly:
Under control of Microtubule Organizing Center
(MTOC)
Most important MTOC is centrosome
Interacts with proteins kinesin and dynein to
cause movement of organelles

62
The Cytoskeleton: Microtubule Operation

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

ATP
vesicle
kinesin
kinesin receptor

vesicle moves, not microtubule

63
The Cytoskeleton
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

actin
subunit

Chara

a. Actin filaments

fibrous
subunits

peacock
b. Intermediate filaments

tubulin
dimer

chameleon
c. Microtubules

a(Actin): M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; b, c(Intermediate, Microtubules): K.G. Murti/Visuals Unlimited; a(Chara): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./photo by
Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich; b(Peacock): Vol. 86/Corbis; c(Chameleon): Photodisc/Vol. 6/Getty Images
64
Microtubular Arrays: Centrioles
Short, hollow cylinders
Composed of 27 microtubules
Microtubules arranged into 9 overlapping triplets
One pair per animal cell
Located in centrosome of animal cells
Oriented at right angles to each other
Separate during mitosis to determine plane of division
May give rise to basal bodies of cilia and flagella

65
Cytoskeleton: Centrioles
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

empty center
of centriole

one microtubule
triplet

one centrosome: one pair of centrioles

two centrosomes: two pairs of centrioles 200 nm

(Middle): Courtesy Kent McDonald, University of Colorado Boulder; (Bottom): Journal of Structural Biology, Online by Manley McGill et al. Copyright 1976 by Elsevier

66
Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center
Microtubular Arrays: Cilia and Flagella
Hair-like projections from cell surface that aid in
cell movement
Very different from prokaryote flagella
Outer covering of plasma membrane
Inside this is a cylinder of 18 microtubules arranged in
9 pairs
In center are two single microtubules
This 9 + 2 pattern used by all cilia & flagella
In eukaryotes, cilia are much shorter than flagella
Cilia move in coordinated waves like oars
Flagella move like a propeller or cork screw

67
Structure of a Flagellum
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

outer
Flagellum microtubule
doublet
radial
spoke
central
shaft The shaft of the microtubules
flagellum has a ring
of nine microtubule
doublets anchored dynein
to a central pair of side arm
microtubules.

25 nm
Flagellum cross section

The side arms dynein

Sperm of each doublet side arms
plasma are composed
triplets membrane of dynein, a
motor molecule.

Basal body
ATP

In the presence of
ATP, the dynein side
arms reach out to
their neighbors,
The basal body of a flagellum has and bending occurs.
100 nm a ring of nine microtubule triplets
Basal body cross section with no central microtubules.

(Flagellum, Basal body): William L. Dentler/Biological Photo Service

68
Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

69
Review
Cellular Level of Organization
Cell theory
Cell size
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Organelles
Nucleus and Ribosome
Endomembrane System
Other Vesicles and Vacuoles
Energy related organelles
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella

70
 INQUIRY
1. Which kingdom do bacteria belong?
2. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
3. Compare a plant and animal cell.
4. What is the function of:
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Lysozome
Ribosomes
Smooth and rough ER

Cellular Visions: The inner life of a cell (video)

[Link]
 BIOLOGY
Chapter 4: pp. 59-84
10th Edition

Cell Structure and

Sylvia S. Mader
Function
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
Ribosome: Fimbriae: regulates entrance
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that and exit of molecules
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body: Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients for elongated, hollow
later use appendage used for
DNA transfer to other Nucleus:
Mesosome:
bacterial cells Cytoskeleton:
plasma membrane
maintains cell
that folds into the Nucleoid: shape and assists
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial movement of
increases surface area chromosome cell parts:
Endoplasmic
Plasma membrane: reticulum:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

*not in plant cells

PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 72
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