Design of a Hovercraft Model

Under the guidance of

Dr. K. Padmanaban

Team Members:

A.S.Abdul Rashid.
R.Ramya.
Venkatram Nagarajan.
A. Yovan Sriban Mascarenhas.
 Previously…
• Introduction.
• Working Principle.
• Basic components of Hovercraft.
• Hovercraft Air Cushion Type.
• Comparative Data.
• Rough Weight Estimation.
 Sneak Preview
• Changes from previous data.
• Peripheral jet-simple jet theory.
• axial-fan calculation.
• Engine selection.
• Drag estimation.
• Layout.
 Updates in previous data
Changed detail Current value Previous value

Weight 3 tonnes 5 tonnes

Length 9m+3.5m(cosmetic) 8.8m

Beam 4.5m 4.925m

 Specifications
• Length of the hovercraft =9m
• Beam of the hovercraft = 4.5 m
• Cushion Pressure(Pc) = 100 Kg/m3
• Length to beam ratio = 1.82
• Cushion area(Sc) = 30 m2
• Base area(Sb) = 40 m2
• Range = 100 Km.
• Hover Height(h) = 0.2 m(8 inches)
 Peripheral jet-cushion
performance
TYPES:
• Simple jet theory
• Exponential theory
• Baratt theory
• Wald theory
 Simple Jet theory
SYMBOLS

Jj -nozzle momentum per unit periphery (lb/ft)

JG - momentum at ground contact per unit periphery (lb/ft)
Pc - cushion pressure (lb/ft2)
h - clearance height (ft)
Ø- nozzle angle ,(deg)
Hj - nozzle total pressure
Vj - nozzle velocity
v- total volume flow
PN - nozzle power
t – Nozzle width (ft)
C – cushion perimeter (ft)
P-Static pressure of nozzle(lb/ft2 )
Simple Jet theory(Cushion Performance)
Using Newton’s second law,
The horizontal pressure force must be balanced by the change in
the horizontal component of momentum i.e,
Pc .h = Jj cosø+JG
p=0.5pc
VJ=√[2/ρ(Hj- pc/2)]
V=Vj Ct
Jj =ρVj2 t
Assume
Jj = J G
PC h = Jj (1 + cos ø ) where ø=30.
= ρ Vj 2 t (1 + cos ø )
Let t/h (1 +cosø ) = x
 Simple Jet theory
As h→0,
Then x→∞,
pc/Hj→2
hence error for x≥0.5
1/x≤1/0.5
1/x≤2 (error)
1/x≥2 (correction)
Hence …
pc/Hj=0.65(graph)

Hj = pc /0.65
Hj =31.5 lb/ft2
Vj =13.0214 ft/sec(3.9683 m/s)
t =0.1622 ft
V=190.246 ft3/sec
Jj =7.0324 lb/ft
JG =7.558 lb/ft
PN =192 hp ≈200 hp
 Axial fan selection
Fan calculation
• Volume flow coeff, ṽ = V/ND3=0.45(from graph)

Volume flow rate(V)

V/nd 3 = 0.45
hence V = 0.45 X30X(3.70)3
V =689.18 ft3/sec

(HjD 4 /ρV 2) = Hj X (3.709) 4

(0.002378 X(689.19) 2)
Hj = 107.353 lb/ft2
Now, (πd 2 /4 )xVi = v
π (3.709)2 x Vi /4 = 689.19
Inflow Velocity Vi=19.439 m/s
Calculation of Pressure:
PV = (Vi /4005)2
PV = 0.9132 (in of water)
Pt = P s + P V
Ps = P t – P V
= 407.2 -0.9132
Ps = 406.287(in of water)

Calculation of hub diameter:

Min dia of hub dmin=19000/N√ps

dmin = 0.5236 in (0.04363 ft)

outside dia, dout =3.70968 ft

hub dia, dhub=1.8548 ft
Hub- Tip ratio (r)
r=rhub/rtip =0.5
nb= 6r /1-r
= 6x0.5/(1-0.5)
No. of Blades, nb = 6
Tip speed = D.S.π/12
=3.70968 x 1800 x π/12
Tip Speed= 1747.26 ft/min
Tip clearance = fan diameter /100
= 3.709/100
Tip Clearance = 0.0371 ft
Rotor solidity ratio:
S = Total Blade Area(At) / Disc Area(Ad)
At = [width(w) x radius(r)]6
w ≤ 3.4 d / nb where d→hub diameter,ft
w ≤ 1.05 ft
So, Selected Width, w = 0.3571 ft
At = 0.35x0.9274x6 = 1.948
Ad = ∏(1.8548)2 = 10.8024
S = 0.18032 = 18 %
Rotor Solidity ratio = 18 %
 AEROFOIL SELECTION (for lift fan)
Selected Aerofoil : NACA 23012
Reynolds number (Re) = 3*106
α = 6°
CL = 0.8
CD = 0.008
The above values are taken from “ Theory Of Wing Sections”

D=∫Cd * 0.5*ρ* (ωr)2 *b *dr

= Cd *0.5*ρ*(2πn)*b*∫r2 dr ( integration from 0.5R to R )

D= 0.2199lb(100 g)

• Torque, τ= F*r
=( ∫ CD x 0.5 x ρx (w2 r2 ) x b.dr) x r
τ = 0.3281lb.ft
• Work done, W= τ .ω
= τ *(2*π*n/60)
W = 0.7587 Hp
• Induced power, I.P = (3000*9.81) Vi
I.P =766.876 Hp
• Total power = W + I.P
• Total power , T.P. = 767.63 Hp
• Hp to Weight ratio = 767.63 / (3000* 9.81)
Hp/w = 0.02608
 Engine selection(Lift Engine)
Turbomecca astazou turboshaft (Astazou XIVH)
Length = 4.822 ft
Height = 1.5 ft
Width = 1.5 ft
Weight dry = 160 kg
Performance rating = 649 kw (870 Hp)
SHP = 870 shp
SFC = 0.624 lb/h/shp
Typical Lift Engine layout
Lift Engine Image
 Drag Estimation
• Parasite drag.
• Wave drag.
• Wave making drag.
• Momentum drag.
• Skirt drag.
 Wave making Drag
• Wave making resistance is a form of drag that
affects surface watercraft, such as boats and
ships, and reflects the energy required to push
the water out of the way of the hull. This
energy goes into creating the wake.
 Wave making drag (Dw)
0.6 = Vw / √(gl) Hump value(.6)
where, g = 9.81m/s2
l=9m
Vw = 5.63 m/s

Dwl / pc2S = 2[1- cos (gl/Vw2)] / ρwg

Dw = 1660.58 N
Where,
ρc = Cushion Pressure, Kg/m2
S = Area of craft, m2
ρw = Density of sea water, Kg/m3
 Parasite Drag
• Parasitic drag (also called parasite drag) is
drag caused by moving a solid object through
a fluid medium (in the case of aerodynamics,
more specifically, a gaseous medium).
 Parasite drag (Dp)
Components Sπ m2 Cdπ Cdπ.Sπ
Fuselage 18 0.17 3.26
powerplant 0.42 0.03 0.00634
fin 1.8 .008 0.014
propeller 3.53 0.015 0.053
total 3.33

Cdo = (Cd∏ s∏) / Base area

Cdo = 3.33/40 = 0.008325
Dp = 0.5* ρ v2 s Cd0 s = (4.5*4)
Dp = 491 N
 Momentum drag (Dm)
Dm = Ṽ ρa v
= 95.043 * 1.226*23.15
Dm = 2695.30 N
where, Ṽ = Volume flow rate, m3/s
ρa = Air mass density, Ns2/m4
v = Craft speed, m/s
 Skirt Drag ( Ds)
Ds = 0.5 Cs ρa Ss v2
= 1*1.225* (0.5*4.5) * (23.15)2
Ds = 738.568 N
Where,
Cs = Drag coefficent (=1, flat rectangular plate)
ρa = Air density, Kg/m3
Ss = Area of skirt, m2
V = Craft speed, m/s
 Total drag (Dt)
Dt = Dp + Dm + Dw + Ds
= 1660.58+491+738.58+2695.3
Dt= 5585.5 N
HP = (Dt * V) 1.15 / (746*0.75)
= 265.8 HP (For 2 engines)
Hp = 133 ≈ 150 HP (For 1 engine)
Drag & Thrust VS Speed
 Thrust Engine Selection
Engine name : Granit TVD – 150
Origin : Russian Federation.
Engine rpm : 2400 rpm
Weight : 50 Kg (110 lbs)
Length :1m
Diameter : 0.5 m
Power : 118.5 KW (150 SHP)
SFC : 186.2 μg/J (1.1 lb/h/shp)
 Fuel Consumption
• For lift( hover) engine:
SFC = 0.283 Kg/h/shp Time, t = R/ V
= 0.283*1.2*870 t = 100*103/ 23.13
FC = 295.45 Kg t = 1.2 hr
• For Thrust engine:
SFC = 0.4989 Kg/h/shp
= 0.4989*1.2*150
FC = 180 Kg (For 2 engines)
Total Fuel = 180 + 295.45 + 15% of T.F.
T.F. = 546.75 Kg
 Final Weight Estimation
Wt = Wstr + Wlift eng + Wthr eng + Wpay + Wfuel
Wt = 4652.81 + 1569.6 + 981 + 7848 + 5363.6
Wt = 20415 N
 Thrust Propeller Design
SHP(P) = 150
RPS (n) = 40
ρ = 1.226 Kg/ m3
V = 23.13 m/s
Speed power coeff, Cs = [(ρV5)/(P n2)]0.2
Cs = 1.13
Thrust coeff for NACA Propellers
 To be done…
• Stability and control.
• Basic requirement of structural design.
• Materials used (theory)
• Fabrication (If possible)
Thank you