List of Experiments
PART – A: Design and implement the analog circuits using Linear ICs
1. Adder/ Subtractor/ Comparator/Integrator/Differentiator-IC 741
2. Square/ Triangular waveform Generators - IC 741
3. Astable/ Monostable Multivibrators-IC 555.
4. Phase Locked Loop Analysis-IC 565
5. Weighted Resistor/ R-2R ladder Digital to Analog Converters-IC 741
Pin Configuration
Specifications
1.Voltage gain A = α typically 2,00,000
2.I/P resistance RL = α Ω, practically 2MΩ
3.O/P resistance R =0, practically 75Ω
4.Bandwidth = α Hz. It can be operated at any frequency
5.Common mode rejection ratio = α
(Ability of op amp to reject noise voltage)
6. Slew rate + α V/μsec 12. Offset voltage adjustment range : ± 15mV
(Rate of change of O/P voltage) 13. Input voltage range : ± 13V
7. When V1 = V2, VD=0 14. Supply voltage rejection ratio : 150 μV/V
8. Input offset voltage (Rs ≤ 10KΩ) max 6 mv 15. Output voltage swing: + 13V and – 13V for RL > 2KΩ
9. Input offset current = max 200nA 16. Output short-circuit current: 25mA
10. Input bias current : 500nA 17. supply current: 28mA
11. Input capacitance : typical value 1.4pF 18. Power consumption: 85mW
19. Transient response: rise time= 0.3 μs
Overshoot= 5%
EXP 1:Adder/ Subtractor/ Comparator/Integrator/Differentiator-IC 741
Fig 1.1: Non- inverting Adder Fig 1.2: Inverting Adder
Fig 1.3: Subtractor Fig 1.4: Non-inverting Comparator
i) Non-inverting
If Vin < Vref, Vo = -Vsat - VEE
Vin > Vref, Vo = +Vsat = +VCC
If Vin < Vref, Vo = +Vsat +VCC
Vin > Vref, Vo = -Vsat = - VEE
Fig 1.5: Inverting Comparator
• Choose T = 2πR1Cf
• Where T= Time period of the input signal
Fig 1.6: Integrator
• Assume Cf and find R1
• Select Rf = 10R1
For T= 1 msec
fa= 1/T = 1 KHz
fa = 1 KHz = 1/(2πR1Cf)
Assuming Cf= 0.1μf,
R1=1/(2πfaCf) =1.59 KΩ
Rf = 10 R1 = 15.9kΩ
1
T /2
•Vo (p-p) = R1C f V
o
i ( p p) dt
Fig. : Input and output waves forms of integrator
Fig 1.7: Differentiator
• Select given frequency as fa = 1/(2πRfCf), Assume C1 and find Rf
• Select fb = 10 fa = 1/2πR1C1 and find R1
• From R1C1 = RfCf, find Cf.
For T = 1 msec
f= 1/T = 1 KHz
fa = 1 KHz = 1/(2πRfC1)
Assuming C1= 0.1μf,
Rf=1/(2πfaC1) =1.59 KΩ
fb = 10 fa = 1/2πR1C1
for C1= 0.1μf; R1 =159Ω
Fig. : Input and output waveforms of Differentiator
EXP 2: Square/ Triangular waveform Generators - IC 741
Fig 2.1: Function generator
Design & Model Calculations
Square wave Generator
T= 2RfC ln (2R2 +R1/ R1)
Assume R1 = 1.16 R2
Then T= 2RfC
Assume C and find Rf
Assume R1 and find R2
For T= 2 m sec
T = 2 Rf C
Assuming C= 0.01μf
Rf = 2.10-3/ 2.01.10-6 = 10 KΩ
Assuming R1 = 100 KΩ
R2 = 86 KΩ
Integrator
Take f= 1/(2π R3 Cf)
Assume Cf find R3
R4 =10 R3
Assume Cf = 0.01μf
R3= 1/(2π f Cf) = 3.18KΩ take R3= 5KΩ
R4 = 50 KΩ
EXP 4: Weighted Resistor/ R-2R ladder Digital to Analog Converters-IC 741
Vo = - 9.375 V
b b b b
V 0 RF A B c D
8R 4 R 2 R R
For a digital sequence ----- 1111
1 1 1 Rf
V 0 1 x5
8 4 2 R
Fig 4.1: Binary weighted resistor type DAC
b b b b
V 0 Rf A B c D * 5
16 R 8R 4 R 2 R
Fig 4.2: R – 2R Ladder DAC
Decimal Equivalent of Binary inputs
Fig 4.3: Output response of a 4-bit DAC
Fig: Pin diagram of IC555
Specifications
1.Operating temperature : SE 555-- -55oC to 125oC
NE 555-- 0o to 70oC
1.Supply voltage : +5V to +18V
2.Timing : μSec to Hours
3.Sink current : 200mA
4.Temperature stability : 50 PPM/oC change in temp or 0-005% /oC.
Applications
1. Monostable and Astable Multivibrators
2. dc-ac converters
3. Digital logic probes
4. Waveform generators
5. Analog frequency meters
6. Tachometers
7. Temperature measurement and control
8. Infrared transmitters
9. Regulator & Taxi gas alarms etc.
EXP 3: Astable/ Monostable Multivibrators-IC 555.
EXP 5: Phase Locked Loop Analysis-IC 565
