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VITAMINS
Vitamins
- are a group of organic nutrients
required in small quantities for a
variety of biochemical functions, for
proper metabolism, to protect
health, and for normal growth and
activity of the body.
Types of Vitamins

1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

2. Water-Soluble Vitamins
1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Properties:
– Necessary for the function or structural
integrity of specific body tissues and
membranes.
– Can be retained in the body.
– Apolar hydrophobic compounds that can only
be absorbed efficiently when there is normal
fat absorption.
2. Water-Soluble Vitamins
Properties:
– Act as catalysts and enzyme cofactors in
metabolic processes and energy transfer.
– Are not stored in the body (excreted fairly
rapidly) and must be replaced each day.
– These vitamins are easily destroyed or
washed out during food storage and
preparation (overcooking)
 FAT – SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Physiologic
Food
Vitamin Deficiency Excess RDA
source
Importance
• Component of • Night blindness Carotenemia; 5,000 Green
A light-sensitive • Xerophthalmia Bleeding; IU vegetable
(Retinol, pigments in eye s, dairy
• Associated with Hepatospleno-
β-carotene) • epithelial tissue products,
Bitot's spots, megaly (rare).
maintenance eggs, liver
keratomalacia,
• regulation of follicular
gene expression hyperkeratosis
and cell
diffentiation
 • initiates calcium • Rickets • Hypercal- 400 IU Dairy
D absorption in (children) cemia leading for products,
(Calciferol) intestine and • Osteomalacia to metastatic adults eggs,
causes bone (adults) calcification Fish liver oils.
mineralization and renal Synthesized
• Promotes damage by sunlight
hardening of (rare). action on
bones and teeth skin.

• Antioxidant • Possibly anemia None 15 IU Margarine,

E (Protects vitamins • Serious (Men) seeds, green
(Tocopherols, A and C, fatty 12 IU leafy
neurologic
tocotrienols) acids and red (Women) vegetables
dysfunction
blood cell (extremely rare)
membranes from • Increase
destruction due to
hemolysis of red
oxidation)
blood cells
Muscular
dystrophy
 • Blood clotting • Hemolytic No RDA. • Green
K Required for Hemorrhagic di anemia 300-500 mcg leafy
(Phylloquinone, sease (rare) vegetables
synthesis of is considered
menaquinones) • Hypoprothrom- , liver;
Prothrombin (II) adequate
and clotting binemia resulting • Naturally
factors VII, IX and in bleeding produced
X. tendency by bacteria
in the
intestine.
 WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Physiologic
Food
Vitamin Deficiency Excess RDA
source
Importance
• catalyst in • Beriberi (wet Transient • 0.5 Organ meats,
B1 carbohydrate and dry) flushing, mg/1000 pork, whole
(Thiamine) metabolism, • Wernicke's dizziness grains,
calories
nerve and heart encephalopathy legumes,
function consumed cereals,
• Korsakoff's
yeast, egg
psychosis
• 1.6 mg for yolk
adults
 • essential part of • Eye irritation, None. • 0.55 Milk products,
B2 enzyme systems corneal mg/1000 liver, eggs,
(Riboflavin, concerned with vascularization, grains,
calories
vitamin G) oxidation and inflammation and legumes, dark
reduction in living breakdown of consumed. green
cells. skin cells vegetables,
• Constituent of • cheilosis, •1.6 mg for cereals, fruit,
flavoproteins glossitis, angular adults yeast
stomatitis

* Vit. B2 deficiency
 • Oxidation- • Pellagra (skin • Flushing due • 6.6 mg/1000 Liver, lean
B3 reduction and to vasodilation calories meats,
(Niacin, reactions in gastrointestinal occurs with consumed. poultry, fish,
Nicotinamide, cellular disorders, intravenous whole and
Nicotinic acid) respiration nerve injection (rare). • 18 mg (male) enriched
• Functional inflammation, • Abnormal liver grain
mental •13 mg products,
part of NAD function; (female)
and NADP. disorders) cramps; legumes
nausea
 • Energy Fatigue, loss of None 0.5-10.0 mg for Milk products,
metabolism coordination known both adults and liver, kidney,
needed to form children is eggs, whole
coenzyme-A adequate grains,
(CoA), and is legumes; also
B5 critical in the made by
(Pantothenic metabolism and intestinal
Acid) synthesis of bacteria.
carbohydrates,
proteins, and
fats.
• For pyruvate
oxidation and
biological
acetylations
 • Aids in amino • Convulsions, Transient • 0.2 Whole-grain
acid metabolism, irritability, kidney paresthesias mg/100mg cereals,
absorption; aids stones vegetables,
B6 in red blood cell • Glossitis;
CHON
meats
(Pyridoxine, formation; helps blepharitis;
body use fats. dermatitis; • 1.8 mg
Pyridoxal,
• Coenzyme for cheilosis; (male)
Pyridoxamine)
decarboxylase peripheral • 1.5 mg
and neuropathy; (female)
transaminase sideroblastic
systems anemia.
 • Nucleic • Megaloblastic Red meats,
acid anemia (Pernicious None. 3 mcg for adults Liver, eggs,
production anemia); dairy products
B12 • Subacute and fish
(Cyanocobala combined
min) degeneration of
spinal cord;
peripheral
neuropathy.
 • Fat synthesis • Depression, None 150-300 Liver, kidney,
Biotin and amino acid fatigue, nausea, known mcg usually egg yolk, milk,
(Vitamin H) metabolism alopecia, meets daily most fresh
• Part of the dermatitis, atrophy needs vegetables,
enzyme systems of lingual papillae, legumes; also
participating in muscle pain, made by
conversion of paresthesias, intestinal
pyruvate to hypercholesterole bacteria.
oxaloacetate mia, and
(gluconeogene- electrocardiogram
sis) abnormalities
 • Collagen • Scurvy • None known • 40-60 mg Citrus
formation in (breakdown of • Minimal- • 200 - 500 fruits,
teeth, bone, and skin, blood possibly urinary mg green leafy
connective tissue vessels, and calculi, vegetables,
per day
of blood vessels teeth) gastrointestinal tomatoes
C • may help in • impaired complaints
(most
(Ascorbic Acid) resisting infection wound including beneficial)
• absorption of healing. diarrhea,
iron, calcium, *Vitamin C nausea and
folacin deficiency- abdominal
• Ascorbic acid is often results cramps
a great secondary to
antioxidant hyperparathy-
• works with roidism
vitamin E as a
free-radical
scavenger.
 • Nucleic acid • Megaloblastic 400 mcg for Whole-wheat
metabolism anemia None. foods, green
(Pernicious adults vegetables,
Folic anemia) legumes, organ
Acid meats, fish,
citrus fruits.
(Folacin)
 Other Vitamins
1. Vitamin P (bioflavonoids, citrin)
– helps increase strength of capillaries found
in the mesocarp (tasteless, spongy, white
layer beneath the rind) of lemon fruit.

2. Vitamin F (unsaturated fatty acids)

– is important in respiration of vital organs.
-helps maintain resilience and lubrication of
cells.
-helps regulate blood coagulation.
-is essential for normal glandular activity.
4. Vitamin B13 (Orotic acid)
– is needed for the metabolism of some B-vitamins

5. Vitamin B15 (Pangamic acid)

– helps eliminate hypoxia helps promote CHON
metabolism stimulates nervous and glandular
system

6. Vitamin B17 (Laetrile)

– has been linked to cancer prevention
 Recommended Dietary Allowance
(RDA) for Vitamins

VITAMIN MEN WOMEN

A 0.7mg 0.6mg
B1 1.0mg 0.8mg
B2 1.3mg 1.1mg
Niacin 19mg 15mg
B6 1.4mg 1.2mg
Pantothenic 5mg 5mg
acid
 VITAMIN MEN WOMEN
Folic acid 0.2mg 0.2mg
Biotin 0.03mg 0.1mg
B12 0.002mg 0.002mg
C 40mg 40mg
D 0.01mg 0.01mg
E 10mg 8mg
K 0.8mg 0.06mg
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