Unit-2 &4
Unit-4 : CAD modeling
• Geometric modeling techniques: Wireframe, surface and solid modeling
• data formats
• Data interfacing
UNIT-2 :Computer aided Modeling (fully practical)
Modern features-based modeling system, including Curves & surfaces modeling, Solid
modeling and assembly of parts, for the purposes of designing an assembly and uses this
geometry as the basis for analysis and simulation, utilizing available data exchange
mechanisms.
Unit-4 : Reverse engineering
• Basic concept- Digitization techniques–Model reconstruction – Data Processing for
Rapid Prototyping: CAD model preparation,
• Data requirements – Part orientation and support generation
• Support structure design, Model Slicing, Tool path generation
• Software for AM Case studies.
Geometric modeling
Wire frame Modelling
Surface Modelling
B-curve
Solid Modeling
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
Topology
Data formats and Data Interfacing
Data Formats
• STEP - international standard for product data exchange (ISO-10303)
• G - BRL-CAD standard solid modeling open format including support for
primitives, attributes, and arbitrary data storage
Data Interfacing
• CAD data exchange is a modality of data exchange used to translate data
between different Computer-aided design (CAD) authoring systems or
between CAD and other downstream CAx systems.
• There are three options available for CAD data exchange:
direct model translation
neutral file exchange
third-party translators.
Direct model translation
• Translating the data stored in a product database directly from one CAD
system format to another, usually in one step.
• Major CAD systems, such as Solidworks, PTC Creo, Siemens NX and CATIA can
directly read and/or write other CAD formats, simply by using File
Open and File Save As options.
Neutral file exchange
• intermediary neutral format to translate data between CAD systems.
• pre-processor embedded in the original CAD system, which generates the
neutral file from the originating CAD format. The target CAD system post-
processes the neutral file and converts it into the target native format.
• Some neutral formats are defined by standards organisations such
as IGES and STEP while others are proprietary but still widely used and are
regarded as quasi industry standards.
Third-party translators
• Several companies specialize in CAD data translation software that can read
from one CAD system and write the information in another CAD system
format.
Reverse engineering
Reverse or back Engineering
• the reproduction of another manufacturer's product following detailed
examination of its construction or composition.
Reverse engineering of machines
• The reverse-engineering process involves measuring an object and then
reconstructing it as a 3D model.
• The physical object can be measured using 3D scanning technologies
like CMMs, laser scanners, structured light digitizers, or Industrial CT
Scanning (computed tomography).
•The measured data alone, usually represented as a point cloud, lacks topological
information and is therefore often processed and modeled into a more usable format
such as a triangular-faced mesh, a set of NURBS surfaces, or a CAD model.
China has reversed engineered many examples of Western and Russian hardware,
from fighter aircraft to missiles and HMMWV cars
Interpolation Algorithm
Rapid prototyping
USe
• general term applied to a family of fabrication technologies
• that allow engineering prototypes of solid parts to be made in minimum
lead time .
Features
• they fabricate the part directly from the CAD geometric model.
• This is usually done by dividing the solid object into a series of layers of
small thickness and then defining the area shape of each layer.
• For example, a vertical cone would be divided into a series of circular
layers, each circle becoming smaller and smaller as the vertex of the cone
is approached.
• The rapid prototyping processes then fabricate the object by starting at
the base and building each layer on top of the preceding layer to
approximate the solid shape.
• The fidelity of the approximation depends on the thickness of each layer.
As layer thickness decreases, accuracy increases.
Building Process
variety of layer-building processes used in rapid prototyping. The most
common process, called stereol/thography, uses a photosensitive liquid
polymer that cures (solidifies) when Subjected to intense light. Curing of the
polymer is accomplished using moving laser beam whose path for each
layer is controlled by means of the CAD model. By hardening each layer, one
on top of the preceding, a solid polymer prototype of the part is built.
Virtual prototyping.
• based on virtual reality technology, involves the use of the CAD geometric
model to construct a digital mock-up of the product, enabling the designer
and others to obtain the sensation of the real physical product without
actually building the physical prototype.
• Virtual prototyping has been used in the automotive industry to evaluate
new car style designs.
• The observer of the virtual prototype is able to assess the appearance of
the new design even though no physical model is on display.
• Other applications of virtual protoryping include checking the feasibility of
assembly operations, for example, parts mating, access and clearance of
parts during assembly, and assembly sequence.
