CHAPTER 6
VARIATION
Variation: The differences between
individuals of the same species
PIGEONS
GUPPIES
Learning Outcomes
state the important of variation in organism
give example of variation in humans
state the types of variation
compare continuous variation with
discontinuous variation
Learning Objective
6.1 Understanding variation in
organisms
For the survival of the species in the
change of environment
~if all the members of species are identical,
an environmental disaster which kills one
of them would most likely kill all of them.
The important of Variation
Types of Variations
• continuous variation
– with a continuous range of intermediate
values
– eg. height, weight, hand span, chest
circumference, skin color and intelligent
Types of Variations
• discontinuous variation
– The character is clear-cut and not
showing intermediates
– eg. Tongue rolling, ear
Discontinuous Variation
Thumb
Extension
This trait is reportedly due to
a single gene; strait thumb is
dominant and hitchhiker's
thumb is recessive.
Tongue rolling ability may be
due to a single gene with the
ability to roll the tongue a
dominant trait and the lack of
tongue rolling ability a
recessive
Tongue
Rolling
Dimples
Dimples are reportedly due
to a single gene with dimples
dominant (people may exibit
a dimple on only one side of
the face) and a lack of
dimples is recessive.
Compare Continuous Variation
with discontinuous variation
No Characteristic Continuous Discontinuous
variation variation
1 Intermediate
2 Type of graph
3 Quantitative/Q
ualitative
4 Example
Compare Continuous Variation
with discontinuous variation
No Characteristic Continuous Discontinuous
variation variation
1 Intermediate intermediate no intermediate
2 Type of graph normal discrete
distribution distribution curve
curve
3 Quantitative/Q quantitative Qualitative
ualitative
4 Example
Learning Outcomes
state the factors causing variation
explain the effects of genetic factors on variation
explain the effects of environmental factors on
variation
explain the effects of the interaction between
genetic factors and environmental factors on
variation
explain what is mutation
explain the importance of variation in the survival
of a species
Learning Objective
6.2 Understanding the causes
of variation
The factors causing variation
2 factors:
1. Genetics
2. Environmental
Genetic Factors
1. Meiosis
(i) Crossing over
(ii) Independent assortment
(iii) Random Fertilisation
2. Mutation
Causes of Variations
1. GENETIC FACTORS
1. CROSSING OVER
Non-sister chromatids undergo crossing over during prophase
I which involve exchange segment of DNA to produce
gametes with a variety combination/ cause variation
2. INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
-Homologous pair of chromosomes
arrange randomly on metaphase plate
during metaphase I
-produce gametes with different
combination of homologous chromosomes
-variation of gametes
Independent Assortment
3. RANDOM FERTILISATION
Gametes from different parents with
diverse/different combination of homologous
chromosome are fused together
-to form zygote
-with variety of gene combination
Random Fertilization
RANDOM FERTILISATION
Causes of Variations
MUTATIONS
-A permanent change in the sequence of DNA or in the
amount of DNA
-sometimes occur naturally eg. Mistakes that occcur
during DNA replication or uneven distribution of
chromosomes during cell division
-rate may greatly increased if the organism is exposed
to mutagens
-1) high- energy radiation(radiation-X-rays/gamma
rays/UV,
-2) chemicals mutagens-benzene, formaldehyde, tar,
asbestos, chloroform or neutron bombardment)
-most mutation are harmful but not all
Action of mutagens- X-rays
- Mutation that occur in somatic cell will not be
inherited but only affect the person during his lifetime
but mutation that occur in the cells that produce
gametes can be inherited
-2 types of mutation :
1. Gene mutation
2. Chromosome mutation
GENE MUTATION
D: A type of mutation involve an alteration in base
sequence of DNA , cause changing the genetic code
and Order of amino acids for synthesis of proteins
Involves either deletion, insertion or substitution of
nucleotide base
E : Albinisme/ haemophilia/ SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
S : cause genetic disease
GENE MUTATION
EXAMPLES OF INHERITED DISEASES CAUSE BY GENE
MUTATION :
1. Sickle-cell Anaemia (red blood cells become sickle
/ S-shaped)
2. Albinism (lack of enzyme producing skin pigment,
melanin)
3. Polydactylism
4. Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome (premature
ageing)
Polydactylism
CHROMOSOME MUTATION
Involve either:
1. an increase or decrease in the number of
chromosomes
2. a change in the structure of the
chromosome
Increase or decrease in the number of
chromosomes can be caused by the failure of
homologous chromosomes to segregate
during Meiosis I and Meiosis II which produce
gametes with either extra chromosome or lack
of chromosome (NONDISJUNTION)
An Increase Or Decrease In The
Number Of Chromosomes
Examples
of genetic disorder resulting from
chromosomal mutation :
1. Down’s syndrome (individual with extra
chromosome 21)
2. Turner’s syndrome (female individual with only
45 chromosomes, 44 autosome+X chromosome)
3. Klinefelter’s syndrome (male individual 47
chromosomes, 44 autosomes+XXY chromosomes
2. A Change In The Structure Of
The Chromosome
(a) Deletion
O : fragment of chromosome
C : break of
E : lost
R : structure of chromosomes change
2. A Change In The Structure Of
The Chromosome
(b) Duplication
O : A fragment of chromosomes
C : double/repeated
E R : produce new chromosome with
extra genetic material
2. A Change In The Structure Of
The Chromosome
(c) Inversion
O : A fragment of chromosomes
C : removes and rotates through 180o
and inserted back at the same location
E R : produce new chromosomes change
in sequence of genes
2. A Change In The Structure Of
The Chromosome
(d) Translocation
O: A fragment of a chromosome
C : breaks off and then attaches to
another chromosomes
ER : produce two chromosomes with
different sequence of genes compare to the
initial ones
2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
– cause variation in characters with
continuous variation
15.2.3 : Explain the effects of environment factors
on variation
phenotype of plant effect by environment
factors
Change and acquired characteristic which
cannot be inherited
15.2.4 : Explain the effects of interaction between
genetic and environmental factors on variation
several pairs of alleles influences by
environmental and interaction between one
another and cause variation
The end.. By Siti Marziah
