8-Bit Timer/Counter
0 are nearly identical.
Counter/Timer 0 and 2 (TCNT0, TCNT2)
Differences:
-TCNT0 can run off an external 32Khz clock (Tosc) or the internal clock
after it has passed through the prescaler.
-TCNT2 can run off of an external or the internal clock.
Since TCNT0 can run off a clock asynchronous to the CPU, some issues occur:
-control register writes are delayed by two Tosc edges, @ 32Khz, = 61uS!
-entering power save modes must be delayed after writing control registers
-async clock may take up to 1sec to stabilize at power up
32Khz crystal
8-Bit Timer/Counter
0 all easily implemented.
Counters, timers, PWM generators are
Two interrupt sources exist
-overflow (counter register over or under flows)
-output compare (counter register = compare register)
TCNT0 can be clocked internally or by an external 32Khz clock.
The external clock oscillator is optimized for 32.768 Khz watch crystals.
Applying a 32.768 Khz oscillator output to the Tosc pins is not recommended.
8-Bit Timer/Counter
Four Registers: 0 ASSR
TCNT0, OCR0, TCCR0,
-TCNT0: (timer/counter register)
-the 8-bit counter itself
-holds the present value of count
-OCR0: (output compare register)
-this register is always compared against TCNT0
-TCCR0: (timer/counter 0 control register)
-determines the mode of operation
-ASSR: (asynchronous status register)
-coordinates writing to TCNT0, OCR0, TCCR0 when in
asynchronous mode
8-Bit Timer/Counter
Timer/Counter 0 Clock Sources: 0
-AS0 bit in ASSR determines if clock source is internal or external
-internal clock is fclk @ 16Mhz
-external clock is Tosc @ 32Khz
Once choice of clock is made, it may be divided by the prescaler by
-8, 64, 256, or 1024
If no clock is selected, the timer is stopped and disabled.
8-Bit Timer/Counter
Counter Unit: 0
The counter is incremented, decremented or cleared at each clkTn
Counter signals:
count: increment or decrement enable for counter
direction: count up or down
clear: clear counter
clkTn : the selected clock source
TOP: indicates counter has reached largest value allowed (not 0xFF)
BOTTOM: indicates counter has reached lowest value allowed (not 0x00)
8-Bit Timer/Counter
Output Compare Unit: 0
-8-bit comparator continuously compares TCNT0 and OCR0.
-If equal, the output compare flag is set (OCF0) and an interrupt can be
issued.
-The waveform generator uses this signal to generate an output to a pin.
8-Bit Timer/Counter
Modes of Operation: 0
Determined by
-waveform generation mode (WGM01:0)
-compare output mode (COM01:0)
Normal Mode (WGM1:0 =0)
-simplest mode
-count up to TOP @ 0xFF and wrap to BOTTOM @ 0x00
-TOV0 flag is set when the wrap around occurs (overflow)
-to reset TOV0, ISR must be executed or flag manually cleared
-no output pins are enabled
8-Bit Timer/Counter
Modes of Operation: 0
Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) Mode (WGM1:0 =2)
-counter resolution manipulated by output compare register (OCR0)
-counter cleared to zero when its value equals OCR0
-TOP defined by OCR0
-interrupt can be generated at compare point
-output pin (OC0) can be utilized
-output pin can toggle, set, or clear on match
-duty cycle constant, frequency is variable
OCR0=0xF00
0OCR0=0x7F0
0OCR0=0x00F
F
OCR0=0x003
F
note: fixed duty cycle, variable
frequency
8-Bit Timer/Counter 0
Modes of Operation:
Fast PWM Mode (WGM1:0 =3)
-used to create high resolution PWM waveforms
-same frequency, different duty cycle
-count from BOTTOM to 0xFF, then reset to BOTTOM
-output compare behaviour:
-set on compare match
-reset at TOP
-TOP is defined by OCR0
-limited to 7 different PWM frequencies
compare value sets duty
cycle
value of TOP sets
frequency
note: fixed frequency, variable duty
cyele
8-Bit Timer/Counter
Code 0
examples
// tcnt0_normal.c
// setup TCNT0 in normal mode and blink PB0 LED at 1 sec intervals
// blink frequency = (32768)/(2^8 * 64 * 2) = 1.000000 blinks per sec
//
#include <avr/io.h>
int main()
{
int count=0;
DDRB = 0x01; //set port B bit zero to output
ASSR |= (1<<AS0); //use ext oscillator
TCCR0 |= (1<<CS00); //normal mode, no prescaling
while(1) {
while (! (TIFR & (1<<TOV0))){} //spin till overflow
TIFR = (1<<TOV0); //clear by writing a one to TOV0
count++; //extend counter
if((count % 64) == 0)
PORTB ^= 0x01; //toggle PB0 each time
} //while
} // main
8-Bit Timer/Counter
Code 0
examples
// tcnt0_normal_int.c
// use interrupts now
// setup TCNT0 in normal mode and blink PB0 LED at 1 sec intervals
// blink frequency = (32768)/(2^8 * 64) = 1.000000 blinks per sec
//
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
volatile int count=0;
ISR(TIMER0_OVF_vect){
count++; //extend counter
if((count % 64) == 0)
PORTB ^= 0x01; //toggle PB0 each time this happens
}//TIMER0_OVF_vect
int main() {
DDRB = 0x01; //set port B bit zero to output
TCCR0 |= (1<<CS00); //normal mode, no prescaling
ASSR |=(1<<AS0); //use ext oscillator
TIMSK |= (1<<TOIE0);//allow interrupts on overflow
sie(); //interrupts turned on
while(1) {} //spin forever waiting on interrupts
} // main
