Alveolar Bone
SDM
Dept. Of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Structure of Bone
Cortex
Medulla
Cells
Cells
Parts of bone
Periosteum &Endosteum
Types of lamellae
Harvesian system
VolKman canal
Cells of bone
Matrix
Marrow tissue
Immature Bone Mature bone
Woven/bundle/Coarse fibred Lamellated/fine fibred
Increase osteocytes Less osteocytes- small
-larger
Lacunae-Wider Lacunae-smaller
Randomly arranged Osteon
Fibres-thick ,bundles Thin, slender, regular
arrangement, lamellae
Ground substance is more Less
Parts of bone
Periosteum &Endosteum
Types of lamellae
Harvesian system
Volkman canal
Cells of bone
Matrix
Marrow tissue
Gross appearance
Compact
Cancellous
Definition
“Alveolar Bone is that part of maxilla & mandible
that forms & supports the teeth”
“Alveolar process is that bone of the jaws
containing the sockets for the teeth”
Function
It furnishes a media for attachment of
periodontal ligament
Undergoes continous remodelling in
adaptation to occlusal forces.
Tooth Dependent
For its development & maintenance
Morphology of Alv. Bone depends on
Size
Shape
position of teeth
If teeth are lost, Alv bone undergoes atrophy
If teeth congenitally missing – Alv. Bone not developed
Parts of alveolar bone
Sockets which hold the teeth -Alveolus
Rim Alv. crest
Alveolus
Floor
Fundus
Boundaries
No distinct boundary
Certain areas Alveolar bone fused with basal bone
Anterior maxillary region
Posterior Mandibular region.
Alveolar Bone
Cortical Plate
Central spongiosa
Bone lining the alveolus
Structure
Two Parts:
Alveolar Bone proper:
Thin lamellated bone that surrounds the root of the tooth
Gives attachment to the PDL Fibres
Supporting alveolar Bone:
Surrounds the alveolar bone Proper
Gives support to the socket
Alveolar Bone proper
That lines the socket
Forms the inner wall
Two Parts:
That facing the PDL –
Bundle bone
Cribriform plate
Lamina Dura
Lamellated Bone
That facing towards PDL
Immature bone
Undergoes continous remodelling
Tooth
PL
Cribriform plate
Anatomical name
Resembles a fine holed sieve
Perforated by – foramina
Transmit nerves &Vessels
Holes – Volkman’s Canals
Cribriform plate
Bundle Bone
Histologic Name
Provides attachment to PDL fibres
Bundles of Principle fibres are inserted as- Sharpey’s fibres
Lamina dura
Radiologic name
Alv bone –appears as radiopaque line
Due to overlapping effect of X-Rays
Histology of Bundle bone
Lamellated bone
Continous with supporting alveolar bone
Mature bone
Supporting alveolar bone
Two Parts
Cortical Bone
Spongiosa
Cortical Bone
Compact bone
Forms inner &outer plates of the
alveolar process
Variations:
Maxilla –thinner
Mandible -Thicker
Premolar, Molar region –Thicker
Anterior region -Thin
Buccal cortical plate – Thick
Lingual Cortical plate -Thinner
Relation to Local anaesthesia
maxilla Mandible
perforated by many openings Dense cortical plate
Infiltration is sufficient Nerve Blocks required
Histology
Lamellated Bone
Spongiosa
Fills space betn. ABP and Cortical bone
Variations;
Maxilla –More
Mandible -Less
In ant region –both jaws :
Spongiosa is absent
Cortical plate is fused with ABP
Histology
Lamellated thin bone
More marrow spaces:
Yellow or fatty marrow
Red marrow seen in :
Condylar process
Angle of mandible
Maxillary tuberosity
Symphsis Menti
Interdental septum
found between two teeth
Large or Small –Gap between the teeth
Interradicular septum
Between two roots
Alveolar bone not fused –contain spongiosa
Alveolar Crest
Rim of the socket
Most prominent border of interdental septum
Rim Alv. crest
Alveolus
Floor
Shape of Alveolar Crest
Usually follows cervical line
position of adjacent teeth
Degree of eruption
Buccolingual width of the teeth
Enamel contour
Relationship with CEJ
1.5-2mm apical to CEJ
Relation always maintained &Is constant
Attrition
Inclination
Arrangement of Trabeculae
Present in Spongiosa
More in max than in Mand
When masticatory stresses When masticatory stresses
decrease –
increase –less spongiosa ,
more spongiosa , thin CP
thick CP
Two types –R/A
Type I
Trabeculae –
Regular
Horizontal
Thick
Ladderlike
Mandible
Trajectorial pattern
Along lines of stress
Type II
Irregular
Fine/Delicate
No specific arrangement
thin
Maxila
No trajectory pattern’\,More
marrow soace
Nutrient Canals
Zuckerkandl &Herschfeld
Interdental &Interradicular septum
Contain –BV, lymph vessels and nerves
Appear as radioluscent linera shadows
Parallel to long axis of tooth
Transalveolar Fiberes
Sharpey;s fibres pass straight
through
Continous with [Link]
Histologic changes in Alv.
Bone
Development
maximum thickness –when teeth reach
occlusion
Loss of teeth – Atrophy
Residual alv. ridge
growth of jaws
Mesial drifting
Functions
supportive
Protective
Heamatopoietic
Calcium Homeostasis
Reserve tissue For PDL
Clinical Considerations
Maxillary teeth
Easy to extract
Infiltration is sufficient
Infection in alv. Bone –
R/F- loss of lamina dura
Periodontal disease –
Destruction of [Link]
Orthodontic Treatment –
Plasticity of the bone
Cyst and tumours
Effect of hormones –Hypo /Hyperparathyroidism
Osteoblast
Line the bone surface
Types- active& Resting
No continous arrangement
Uneven distribution
Seperated from bone –thin rim of osteoid
Modified Endosteum
Osteoclast
Cells that resorb bone
Multinucleated cells (2-10) , can be mononucleated
Origin: Fusion of Circulating monocytes
Location: Howships lacunae- bay like recesses
Arrangement –usually in clusters
Content: Abundant golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes but
little RER.
Acid phosphatase
Function – resorb bone
Morphologic Characteristics
Ruffled/ Striated border
Clear zone
Electron Microscopy
Sequence of events;
Removal of mineral/inorganic Matrix
Degradation of org. matrix
