WIND LOAD:
SECTION 307-C
207C.3 VELOCITY PRESSURE
207C.3.1 VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPOSURE COEFFICIENTS
Based on the exposure category determined in
Section 207A.7.3, velocity pressure coefficient Kz
or Kh shall be determined from Table 207C.3-1.
For a site located in transition zone between
exposure categories that is near to a change in
ground surface roughness, intermediate values of
or , shown in Table 207C.3-1, are permitted,
provided that they are determined by a rational
analysis method defined in the recognized
literature.
FROM TABLE 207C.2-1
STEPS TO DETERMINE WIND LOADS ON
MWFRS LOW-RISE BUILDINGS
Step 1: Determine occupancy
category of building or other
structure. (From Table 103-1)
Step 2: Determine the basic wind
speed V, for the applicable risk
category. (See figure 207A.5-IA, B
or C)
Step
3: Determine Wind Load
Parameters:
Wind Directionality Factor, . (see Section
207A.6 and Table 207A.6-1)
Exposure Category B, C and D. (see Section
207A.7)
Topographic Factor, . (see Section 207A.8 and
Figure 207A.8-1)
Enclosure Classification (see Section 207A.10)
Internal Pressure Coefficient, (see Section
207A.11 and Table 207A.11-1)
Step
4: Determine Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, or . (see
Tables 207A.11-1)
Step 5: Determine Velocity Pressure,
or . (see Equation 207C.3-1)
Determine External Pressure
Coefficient, . (use Figure 207C.4-1
for flat gable roofs)
Step 7: Calculate Wind Pressure, p.
(from Equation 207C.4-1)
Note:
See commentary figure C207C.4-1 for
guidance on hip roofs.
VELOCITY PRESSURE EQUATION
Velocity Pressure evaluated at height z shall
be calculated by equation 207C.3-1:
=0.613 (N/); V in m/s
Where:
=wind directionality factor (see Section 207A.6)
=velocity pressure exposure coefficient (see
Section 207C.3.1)
=Topographic Factor Defined (see Section
207A.8.2)
V=Basic Wind Speed (see Section 207A.5.1)
=Velocity Pressure Calculated using Equation
207C.3-1 at mean roof height h
207C.4 WIND LOADS-
MAIN WIND –FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
(MWFRS)
207C.4.1 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE
FOR LOW RISE BUILDINGS
Design Wind Pressures for MWFRS of
low-rise buildings shall be determined
by equation 207C.4-1:
P=[()-()] (N/)
Where:
=Velocity Pressure Evaluated at mean
roof height as defined in Section
207A.3
()=External Pressure Coefficient from
207C4-1
()=Internal Pressure Coefficient from
table 207A.11-1
207C.4.1.1 EXTERNAL PRESSURE
COEFFICIENTS ()
The
combined Gust Effect Factor
and External Pressure Coefficients
for low-rise buildings, (), are not
permitted to be separated.
207C.4.2 PARAPETS
The design Wind Pressure for the effect
of Parapets on MWFRS of low-rise
buildings with flat, gable or hip roofs shall
be determined by equation (207C4-2):
=() (N/)
Where:
=Combined net pressure on the parapet due
to the computation of the net pressure from
the front and back parapet surfaces.
=Velocity Pressure evaluated at the top of
the parapet
()=Combined net pressure coefficient
=+1.5 for windward parapet
=-1.0 for leeward parapet
NOTES:
1. Adapt the loadings shown in Figure
207C.4-1 for hip roofed buildings as shown
above. For a given hip roof coefficients
from the Case A table for both Load Case A
and Load Case B.
2. The total horizontal shear shall not be less
than that determined by neglecting the wind
forces on roof surfaces.
LOAD CASE A
LOAD CASE B
TORSIONAL LOAD CASES
207C.4.3 ROOF OVERHANGS
The
positive external pressure on
the bottom surface of the windward
roof overhangs shall be determined
using =0.7 in combination with the
top surface pressures determined
using Figure 207C.4-1.
207C.4.4 MINIMUM DESIGN WIND
LOADS
Thewind load to be used in the
design of the MWFRS for an enclosed
or partially enclosed building shall not
be less than 0.77 Kn/ multiplied by the
wall area of the building and 0.38 Kn/
multiplied by the roof area of he
building projected onto a vertical plane
normal to the assumed wind direction.
Table 207C.3-1
VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPOSURE
COEFFICIENTS, and
Height above
ground level, z Exposure
m B C D
0-4.6 0.70 0.85 1.03
6.1 0.70 0.90 1.08
7.6 0.70 0.94 1.12
9.1 0.70 0.98 1.16
12.2 0.76 1.04 1.22
15.2 0.81 1.09 1.27
18 0.85 1.13 1.31
NOTES:
1. The Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
may be determined from the following
formula:
For 4.57 m ≤ z ≤ For z < 4.57 m
=2.01(z/ =2.01(4.57/
Note: z shall not be taken less than 9 m in exposure B.
2. and are tabulated in Table 207A.9-
1.
3. Linear Interpolation for intermediate
values of height z is acceptable .
4. Exposure categories are defined in
Section 207A.7.
207C.5 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
The Steps required for the
determination of MWFRS wind
loads on enclosed simple
diaphragm buildings are shown
in Table 207C.5-1
User Note:
Part 2 of Section 207C is a simplified method to
determine the wind pressure on the MWFRS of
enclosed simple diaphragm low-rise buildings
having a flat, gable or hip roof. The wind
pressures are obtained directly from a table and
applied on horizontal and vertical projected
surfaces of the building. This method is a
simplification of the Envelope Procedure
contained in Part 1 of Section 207C.
207C.5.1 WIND LOAD PARAMETERS SPECIFIED IN SECTION 207A
The following wind load parameters are
specified in Section 207A.
Basic Wind Speed V (Section 207A.5)
Exposure category (Section 207A.7)
Topographic factor Kzt (Section 207A.8)
Enclosure classification (Section
207A.10)
Table 207C.5-1
Steps to Determine Wind Loads on MWFRS Simple
Diaphragm Low-Rise Buildings
Step 1: determine occupancy
category of building or other
structure, see table 103-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind
speed, V, for the applicable risk
category, see Figure 207A.5-1A, B
or C
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
○ Exposure category B, C or D, see
Section 207A.7
○ Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section
207A.8 and Figure 207A.8-1
Step 4: Enter figure to determine wind
pressures for h=9m, pS30, see Figure
207C.6-1
Step 5: Enter figure to determine
adjustment for building height
and exposure, λ, see Figure
207C.6-1
Step 6: Determine adjusted wind
pressures, pS, seeEquation
207C.6-1
207C.6 WIND LOADS – MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM
207C.6.1
A building whose design wind loads are
determined in accordance with this section shall
meet all the conditions of Section 207C.6.2.
If not, MWFRS wind loads shall be determined
by Part I of this chapter, by;
-Directional Procedure of Section 207B, or
-Wind Tunnel Procedure of Section 207F
207C.6.2 CONDITIONS
For the design of MFWRS the building complies
with all the following conditions:
1. The building is a simple diaphragm building as
defined in Section 207A.2.
2. The building is a low-rise building as defined
in Section 207A.2.
3. The building is enclosed as defined 207A.2
and conforms to the wind-borne debris provisions
of Section 207A.10.3.
4. The building is a regular-shaped building or
structure as defined in Section 207A.2.
5. The building is not classified as a flexible
building as defined in section 207A.2.
6. The building does not have response
characteristics making it subject to across
wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due
to galloping or flutter; and it does not have a
site location for which channeling effects of
buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
warrant special consideration.
7. The building has an approximately
symmetrical cross-section in each
direction with either a flat roof or a gable
or hip roof with Ɵ ≤ 45˚.
8. The building is exempted from
torsional load cases as indicated in Note 5
of Figure 207C.4-1, or torsional load
cases defined in Note 5 d not control the
design of any of the MWFRS of the
building.
207C.6.3 DESIGN WIND LOADS
Simplified design wind pressure, ps, for the
MWFRS of low-rise simple diaphragm buildings
represent the net pressures (sum of internal and
external) to be applied to the horizontal and vertical
projections of building surfaces as shown in Figure
207C.6-1. For the horizontal pressures (Zones A, B,
C, D), ps is the combination of the windward and
leeward net pressures, ps shall be determined by the
following equation:
ps = λ Kzt ps30 (207C.6-1)
Where:
λ=adjustment factor for building height
and exposure from Figure 207C.6-1
Kzt =Topographic factor as defined in
Section 207A.8 evaluated at mean roof
height, h
ps30 =Simplified design wind pressure
for Exposure B, at h=9m from Figure
207C.6-1.
207C.6.4 MINIMUM DESIGN WIND LOADS
The load effects of the design wind
pressures from Section 207C.6.3 shall
not be less than a minimum load
defined by assuming the pressures, ps,
for zones A and C equal to +7.66 Pa,
Zones B and D equal to +383 Pa, while
assuming ps for Zones E, F, G, and H
are equal to 0.00 Pa.
FIGURE 207C.6-1
MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM-METHOD 2 DESIGN WIND
PRESSURE
ENCLOSED BUILDINGS h ≤ m WALLS AND ROOFS, SIMPLIFIED DESIGN
WIND PRESSURE, (Pa)
(EXPOSURE B at h=9.0 m with I=1.0)
ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR
BUILDING HEIGHT AND EXPOSURE, λ
FIGURE C207C.4-1
UNSTEADY WIND LOADS ON LOW BUILDINGS
FOR GIVEN WIND DIRECTION (After Ellingwood
1982)
