RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY AND
METHODS
ANKIT SRIVASTAVA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR
BRIEF OUTLINE
What is Research and its Types
Difference between Research Methodology and Research Methods
Major Steps Involved in a Research
Key Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Special Focus on Hypothesis
Conclusion
WHAT IS RE+SEARCH ?
Research in its origin means to go around or to explore…
and it is a combination of RE + SEARCH.
The manipulation of extending, correcting or verifying
Knowledge.
Research may be defined as the systematic method of
discovering new facts or verifying old facts, their sequences,
interrelationships, causal explanations and the natural laws
which govern them.
Collection – Compilation – Analysis – Interpretation –
Decision Or Result
AIM & OBJECTIVE
The aim of research is to seek answers to problems
through the application of scientific methodology, with
an objective which guarantees that the Information is
RELIABLE AND UNBIASED.
There should be ‘credibility’ in research and
Researchers for meeting the unbiased results.
Whenever Society Faces a Problem,
Concerned Discipline(law) Tries to
Search Out the Solution for the
Same!
SO, TO CONCLUDE, RESEARCH:
Extends knowledge of human beings, social life and
Environment.
Brings to light information that might never have been
discovered fully during the ordinary course of time.
verifies and tests, existing facts and theory
Analyze interrelationships between variables and develop
explanations in relevant areas.
Aims to devise new tools, concepts and theories for a better
study.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH : INTENT
RESEARCH
Pure Research: Done for the sake of knowledge without any
intention to apply it in practice. Eg: Natural Research
(Newton’s Contribution)
Applied Research: It is conducted to find solution to a real
life problem requiring a remedy. Eg: Marketing Research
Exploratory Research: Preliminary study of an unfamiliar
problem about which researcher has little or no knowledge.
It incorporates the development of concept, theory and
assumption.
Action Research: Solving of problem and improving
existing situation at the earliest possible.
METHOD (OF STUDY) RESEARCH
Experimental Research: It is designed to assess the effects of
particular variables on a phenomenon by keeping the other
variable constant or controlled. It aims at determining whether
and in what manner variables are related to each other. Eg: Job
performance– Individual needs, personal preference, work
environment.
Descriptive Research: It is used to describe characteristics of a
population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer
questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred
Historical Research: A study of past records and other
information with a view to restructuring the source and
development and discovering the trends in the past.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY & RESEARCH METHOD
RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Method implies the Research methodology
methods employed by the signifies way to efficiently
solving research problems.
researcher to conduct
research Study different techniques
which can be utilized in the
Involves conducting surveys, performance of experiment,
interviews, experiments, etc. test, surveys etc.
The main objective is to The main objective is to use
the correct procedures to
discover solutions to research
discover solutions to research
problems. problems.
MAJOR STEPS INVOLVED IN A
RESEARCH
Subject Area and Title
Introduction
Research Problem
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Research Objectives/ Research Questions
Hypothesis (Empirical)/ Central Argument (Doctrinal)
Limit of the Study/ Research Scope
Sampling (Empirical) and Data Collection (Tools & Techniques)
Analysis and Results/Reports
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE
& QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
It is concerned with legal It is concerned with people,
prepositions and doctrines social values and social
institutions
Sources of data are legal and Sources of data is few and
appellate court decisions mostly new techniques have
to be used
It is not concerned with
people but with document Tries to get first hand data
and study the effect of
certain variables in the
Scope is narrow as it studies society
about what the doctrine or
the authority says Scope is wider
No use to give training to Training is given to use new
techniques in the research
collect and use the sources
Field work is more
Field work is not needed and important part of this
library reference is enough research
HYPOTHESIS
A research starts with a statement of a solvable problem. When the
problem is stated, the investigator or the researcher offers a tentative
solution in the form of a testable proposition. This testable proposition
is known as Hypothesis.
The emphasis is majorly that the hypothesis should be testable.
Eg: We can compare economic policies of Modi’s Government with Manmohan
Singh’s Government, at center level, as we have adequate data for both and it
could be tested. But, the same doesn’t hold true if my hypothesis compares
economic policies of Mayawati’s Government with Modi’s Government as we
don’t have reliable and correct data of both the variables.
A hypothesis is a suggested testable answer to a problem and is a testable
relationship between two or more than two variables.
It is something which tells what we are looking for as an answer to our
problem. It should always be clear, simple and scientific to make the
research more specific and to the point.
NULL & ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS
For any given problem, the researcher frames two hypothesis. One
is Null Hypothesis (Ho) and the other is Alternate Hypothesis
(Ha).
Null hypothesis (Ho) is the no difference hypothesis. The
researcher disproves the Null hypothesis to prove his/her
Alternative hypothesis.
Alternate Hypothesis (Ha) is the operational or testable statements
of research hypothesis.
The concept of Ho is like ‘innocent unless proven guilty’ and
stands unless rejected. Ho is the status quo and Ha is the change
and alteration being challenged in the research. Hence Ho is being
disproved to prove other things.
TYPE I & TYPE II ERROR
A large nationwide poll recently showed an unemployment rate
of 39% in India. The mayor of Jabalpur wonders if this national
result holds true for his town, so he plans on taking a sample of
his residents to see if the unemployment rate is significantly
different than 39% in his town.
p represents the unemployment in the town. Here’s the
hypothesis he will use:
Ho : p = 39%
Ha : p ≠ 39%
Type I error: when rejecting even though Ho true.
Type II error: When failing to reject Ho even when it is false
GUESS TYPE I & TYPE II ERROR
A) She concludes the town’s unemployment rate is not 39%
when it actually is.
B) She concludes the town’s unemployment rate is not 39%
when it actually is not.
C) She concludes the town’s unemployment rate is 39% when it
actually is.
D) She concludes the town’s unemployment rate is 39% when it
is actually not.
HOPE YOU LEARNT
SOMETHING TODAY!
Thank You!
