150 oC

T
e
m
p
30 oC

time (s)
 SIMPLIFIED CASES
dT hA
 
(T  T) Vc p
 dt
Boundary Condition:

t=0 T = To

t=t T=T

(T  T ) hA / Vc p t
e
(To  T )


 emt
o

 q(t)  hA(T  T )
hA / Vc p t
(T  T )  (To  T )e
hA / Vc p t
q(t)  hA(To  T )e

hA / Vc p t
 
t t t t
Q t 0
q(t)dt  t 0
hA(To  T )e dt


Q  Vc p (To  T ) 1 e
hA / Vc p t

 T1  Tx
2 y1
Yx 
T1  To
2z1
T1  T y
Yy 
T1  To
T1  T z
2x1 Yz 
T1  To
Heat Transfer in x, y & z direction:
T1  T x , y , z
Yx, y , z  Yx Y y Yz 
T1  To
Using Charts 5.3-5 & 5.3-6

c1  c x, y, z Y x  Fig. 5.3 - 5
Yx, y , z  Yx Y y Yz  k
c1 Y y  Fig.5.3 - 5
 co
k Y z  Fig.5.3 - 5
2x1

T1  Tx
Yx 
T1  To
2 y1
from Chart 5.3-7 & 5.3-8

T1  T y
Yy 
T1  To
From Charts 5.3-5 & 5.3-6
Heat transfer in x & y direction:

T1  T x , y
Yx, y  Yx Y y 
T1  To

Yx , y  Yx Y y Y x  Fig. 5.3 - 7
Y y  Fig.5.3 - 5
 EXAMPLE 5.3-4 Two Dimensional Conduction in a Short Cylinder

Repeat Example 5.3-3 for transient conduction on a can of pea puree but
assume that conduction also occurs from the two flat ends.
x0
For conduction in the x direction as calculated previously,
t 2.007  10 7 (0.7  3600)
X    0.47
x1
2
(34.05  10 3 ) 2
101.6 mm k 0.830
m   0.00537  0.005  0
To  29.4 o C hx1 4540(34.05  10 3 )
x 0
n  0
x1 34.05 mm
68.1 mm Using Figure 5.3 - 8 for center temperature,
T1  115.6 o C Yx  0.13
h  4540 W/m 2 .K
 For conduction in the y (axial) for the center temperature,

y
n 0
yo
k 0.830
y1 m   0.003620
y0 hy1 4540(50.8  10 3 )
y1 101.6 mm
t 2.007  10 7 (0.75  3600)
X    0.21
y1
2
(50.8  10 3 ) 2

Using Figure 5.3 - 6 for center of large plate (two parallel opposed planes),
Y y  0.80
101.6
y1   50.8 mm
2
Y x , y  Y x Y y  (0.13)(0.8)  0.104
T1  T x , y
 0.104
T1  To
T x , y  106.6 o C

This compare with 104.4 o C obtained in Example 5.3 - 3 for only radial conduction
 EXAMPLE 5.3-1 Freezing Temperature in the Ground

The depth in the soil of the earth at which freezing temperatures penetrate is
often of importance in agriculture and construction. During a certain fall day,
the temperature in the earth is constant at 15.6 oC to a depth of several meters.
A cold wave suddenly reduces the air temperature from 15.6 to -17.8 oC. The
convective coefficient above the soil is 11.36 W/m2.K. The soil properties can
be assumed as α = 4.65 × 10-7 m2/s and k = 0.865 W/m.K. Neglect any latent
heat effects.
a) What is the surface temperature after 5 h?
b) To what depth in the soil will the freezing temperature of 0 oC penetrate in 5
h?
 (a) x
T1  17.8 Co on the surface, x  0,  0
2 t
h  11.36 W/m 2 .K
7
h t 11.36 4.65  10 (5  3600)

Ts k 0.865
x0  1.2
earth
x To  15.6 o C
From the Figure 5.3 - 3 (pg 337)
T  To
1 Y  s  0.6
T1  To
Ts  (15.6  273)
infinite  0.6
(17.8  273)  (15.6  273)
Ts  268.56 K (4.44 o C)
(b) Ts  0 o C  x  ?

Ts  To 273  (15.6  273)

1 Y    0.467
T1  To (17.8  273)  (15.6  273)

h t
From the Figure 5.3 - 3 (pg 337), when  1.2; 1  Y  0.467,
k
x
 0.16
2 t
x
 0.16
7
2 4.65  10 (5  3600)
 x  0.0293 m
EXAMPLE 5.3-2 Heat Conduction in a Slab of Butter

A rectangular slab of butter which is 46.2 mm thick at a temperature of 277.6 K in

a cooler is removed and placed in a environment at 297.1 K. The sides and bottom
of the butter container can be considered to be insulated by the container side
walls. The flat top surface of the butter is exposed to the environment. The
convective coefficient is constant and is 8.52 W/m2.K. Calculate the temperature
in the butter at the surface, at 25.4 mm below the surface, and at 46.2 mm below
the surface at the insulated bottom after 5 h of expose.
 T1  297.1 K
For the top surfaace where x  x1  46.2 mm
x 46.2
h  8.52 W/m 2 .K surface n  1
x1 46.2
k 0.197
To  277.6 K m   0.50
x1  46.2 mm hx1 8.52(46.2  10 3 )
butter t 8.58  10 8 (5  3600)
x0 X    0.72
x1
2
(46.2  10 3 ) 2
insulated
t 5h From the Figure 5.3 - 5, when n  1.2; m  0.5; X  0.72,
T T
Y 1  0.25
T1  To
T  292.2 K
At the point 25.4 mm from top surface or 20.8 mm from the center, x  20.8 mm
x 20.8
n   0.45
x1 46.2
From the Figure 5.3 - 5, when n  0.45; m  0.5; X  0.72,
T T
Y 1  0.45
T1  To
T  288.3 K

For the bottom point or 0.0462 m from top, x  0

x 0
n  0
x1 46.2

From the Figure 5.3 - 5, when n  0; m  0.5; X  0.72,

T T
Y 1  0.5
T1  To
T  287.4 K
Alternatively, using Figure 5.3 - 6, which is only for center point, when n  0; m  0.5; X  0.72,
T T
Y 1  0.53
T1  To
T  286.8 K
EXAMPLE 5.3-3 Transient Heat Conduction in Can of Pea Puree

A cylindrical can of pea puree has diameter of 68.1 mm and a height of 101.6 mm
and its initially at a uniform temperature of 29.4 oC. The cans are stacked
vertically in a retort and steam at 115.6 oC is admitted. For a heating time of 0.75 h
at 115.6 oC, calculate the temperature at the center of the can. Assume that the can
is in the center of a vertical stack of cans and that is insulated on its two ends by
the other cans. The heat capacity of the metal wall of the can will be neglected.
The heat transfer coefficient of the steam is estimated as 4540 W/m2.K. Physical
properties of puree are k = 0.830 W/m.K and α = 2.007 × 10-7 m2/s.
 x0
x1  34.05 mm
t 2.007  10 7 (0.7  3600)
X    0.47
x1
2
(34.05  10 3 ) 2
101.6 mm
To  29.4 o C k 0.830
m   0.00537  0.005  0
hx1 4540(34.05  10 3 )

x 0
n  0
x1 34.05 mm
68.1 mm
T1  115.6 o C Using Figure 5.3 - 8 for center temperature, when n  0; m  0; X  0.47,
h  4540 W/m 2 .K T T
Y 1  0.13
T1  To
k  0.830 W/m 2 .K
115.6  T
  2.007  10 7 m 2 /s  0.13
115.6  29.4
t  0.75 hr
T  104.4 o C
When a fluid is outside the solid, convective mass transfer is occurring at the
surface

N A  k c c L1  c Li 
where N A  convective molar flux of A kmol A/s.m  2

k c  mass - transfer coefficient m/s 


c L1  the bulk fluid concentration kmol A/m 3 

c Li  the concentration in the fluid next to the surface of the solid kmol A/m 3 
Equilibrium distribution coefficient, K
c Li
K 
ci
EXAMPLE 7.1-1 Unsteady-state Diffusion in a Slab of Agar Gel

A solid slab of 5.15 wt % agar gel at 278 K is 10.16 mm thick and contains
a uniform concentration of urea of 0.1 kg mol/m3. Diffusion is only in the
x-direction though two parallel flat surfaces 10.16 mm apart. The slab is
suddenly immersed in pure turbulent water so that the surface resistance
can be assumed to be negligible; i.e., the convective coefficient kc is very
large. The diffusivity of urea in the agar from Table 6.4-2 is 4.72 ×10-10
m2/s. Calculate the concentration at the midpoint of the slab (5.08 mm
from the surface) and 2.54 mm from the surface after 10 h.
If the thickness of the slab is halved, what would be the midpoint
concentration in 10 h?
 c1  0
c Li  0
surface resistance  0
agar - agar k c very large
x  2.44 mm
2 x1  10.16 mm x0 D AB  4.72  10 10 m 2 /s
T  278 K x1  5.08 mm t  10 hr
co  0.1 kmol/m 3

(a) For concentration at the midpoint,

D AB t 4.72  10 10 (10  3600)
X    0.658
x1
2
(5.08  10 3 ) 2
D AB
m
k c x1
k c very large, m  0
 x 0
n  0
x1 5.08 mm
From the Figure 5.3 - 5, when n  0; m  0; X  0.658,
c c
Y 1  0.25
c1  c o
c  0.0275 kmol/m 3
For concentration at the 2.54 mm from surface,
X  0.658
m0
x (5.08  2.54) mm
n   0.5
x1 5.08 mm
From the Figure 5.3 - 5, when n  0; m  0; X  0.658,
c c
Y 1  0.172
c1  c o
c  0.0172 kmol/m 3
(b)

5.08
Half the thickness  x1   2.54 mm
2
4.72  10 10 (10  3600)
X   2.632
(2.54  10 3 ) 2
m0
n0

From the Figure 5.3 - 5, when n  0; m  0; X  2.632

c c
Y 1  0.0020
c1  c o
c  2.0  10  4 kmol/m 3
EXAMPLE 7.1-2 Unsteady-state Diffusion in a Semiinfinite Slab

A very thick slab has a uniform concentration o solute A of co = 1.0 ×

10-2 kg mol A/m3. Suddenly, the front face of the slab is exposed to a
flowing fluid having a concentration c1 = 0.10 kg mol A/m3 and a
convective coefficient kc = 2 × 10-7 m/s. The equilibrium distribution
coefficient K = cL/ci = 2.0. Assuming that the slab is semiinfinite solid,
calculate the concentration in the solid at the surface (x = 0) and x = 0.01
m from the surface after t = 3 × 104 s. The diffusivity in the solid is DAB
= 4 × 10-9 m2/s.
 (a) concentration at the surface, x  0 m
c1  0.1 kmol/m 3
x
x0 on the surface, x  0,  0
2 D AB t

Kk c D AB t 2(2  10 7 ) 4  10 9 (3  10 4 )
k2 co  1  10 2 kmol/m 3   1.095
x D AB 4  10 9

From the Figure 5.3 - 3 (pg 337)

c  co
1 Y   0.62
c1  c
k c  2  10 -7 m 2 /s k o

c  1  10  2
D AB  4.72  10 10 m 2 /s  0.62
0.1 2
 1  10
t  3  10  4 s 2
c  3.48  10  2 kmol/m 3