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Transistor Basics for Engineers

Transistors are three terminal electronic devices that can be used as switches or amplifiers. There are two main types: bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and field effect transistors (FET). BJTs use both holes and electrons as carriers and are constructed with an NPN or PNP semiconductor junction structure. They operate in forward-reverse bias mode where the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the base-collector junction is reverse biased. Key parameters include beta (current gain) and alpha (current ratio) which relate the collector, base, and emitter currents. Transistors are commonly used in digital logic circuits and amplifier applications where operating conditions and component values must be designed based on transistor specifications.

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156 views13 pages

Transistor Basics for Engineers

Transistors are three terminal electronic devices that can be used as switches or amplifiers. There are two main types: bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and field effect transistors (FET). BJTs use both holes and electrons as carriers and are constructed with an NPN or PNP semiconductor junction structure. They operate in forward-reverse bias mode where the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the base-collector junction is reverse biased. Key parameters include beta (current gain) and alpha (current ratio) which relate the collector, base, and emitter currents. Transistors are commonly used in digital logic circuits and amplifier applications where operating conditions and component values must be designed based on transistor specifications.

Uploaded by

Mian Noman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Transistors

Transistors

 Three terminal electronic device


 One of the most common uses for transistors in an electronic circuit is as
simple switches. In short, a transistor conducts current across the collector-
emitter path only when a voltage is applied to the base. When no base
voltage is present, the switch is off. When base voltage is present, the switch
is on.
 Use as a voltage and power amplifier
 They are used in making various gates like AND, NOT, etc in digital logic
circuits.
Types of Transistors

 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

 Field Effect Transistors (FET)


 MOSFET (Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor)
 JFET (Junction field effect transistor)
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)

 The BJT is constructed with three doped semiconductor regions separated by


two pn junctions
 The three regions are called emitter, base, and collector
 One type consists of two n regions separated by a p region (npn), and the
other type consists of two p regions separated by an n region (pnp)
 The term bipolar refers to the use of both holes and electrons as current
carriers in the transistor structure.
BJT

 The pn junction joining the base region and the emitter region is called the
base-emitter junction
 The pn junction joining the base region and the collector region is called the
base-collector junction
 The base region is lightly doped and very thin compared to the heavily doped
emitter and the moderately doped collector regions
 Schematic symbols for the npn and pnp bipolar junction transistors.
BJT
Operation
Biasing

 Figure shows a bias arrangement for both npn and pnp BJTs for operation as
an amplifier. Notice that in both cases the base-emitter (BE) junction is
forward-biased and the base-collector (BC) junction is reverse-biased. This
condition is called forward-reverse bias.
Transistor Currents

 IE = IC + IB
BJT characteristics and Parameters

 DC Beta ( DC) and DC Alpha ( DC)


 The dc current gain of a transistor is the ratio of the dc collector current (IC) to
the dc base current (IB) and is designated dc beta (bDC).

 The ratio of the dc collector current (IC) to the dc emitter current (IE) is the dc
alpha (aDC). The alpha is a less-used parameter than beta in transistor circuits.
Example
QUESTION

 Using a transistor with Beta = 250, Vbe =0.7V. Design a fixed bias circuit to
operate a transistor at Vce=9V, Ic=2.5mA).
Question

 In circuit shown, transistor has Beta=50, Vbe=0.7v,


find base current Ib and collector voltage Vc.

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