DISASTER
CONTENT
⦁ Introduction
⦁ Natural disaster
⦁ Human induced disaster
⦁ Phases of Disaster Management Cycle
⦁ Disaster management cycle for flood, fire, storm
BACKGROUND
⦁ A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage,
ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health
and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the affected community or
area”.
⦁ - (W.H.O.)
⦁ “A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man
made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that
victims cannot alleviate without assistance”.
⦁ -American Red Cross (ARC)
TYPES OF DISASTER
DISASTER
HUMAN
NATURAL INDUCED
NATURAL DISASTER
• A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption,
earthquake, or landslide)
• It is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth and other geologic processes.
• A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in
its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability to recover.
SOME COMMON NATURAL DIASATERS
1. CYCLONE
• A cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid
motion.
• It has low pressure on the inside and high
pressure on the outside.
• The center of the storm is called the eye and it has
the calmest water and the lowest pressure
• Cyclones turn counter-clockwise in the northern
hemisphere and clockwise in the southern
hemisphere.
• This is because it follows the rotational movement
of the earth.
• The biggest cyclone recorded is the Bhola
cyclone. It hit the coast of todays Bangladesh in
1970 with a death toll of around 500,000.
2. EARTHQUAKE
• It is the result of a sudden release of energy from the earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.
• They are measured using seismographs.
• The Valdivia earthquake also known as the great Chilean earthquake is the biggest earthquake ever
recorded.
• It hit Chile on May 22, 1960 with a magnitude of 9.5 and a death toll of around 6000
3. TORNADOAS
• A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is
touching both the ground and a cumulonimbus
cloud.
• Tornado conditions are caused when different
temperatures and humidity meet to form thunder
clouds
• “Twisters” can attain speeds up to 100 miles an hour
• Central Oklahoma holds the record for both the
largest and the strongest tornadoes ever recorded.
• A tornado that touched down in El Reno, Oklahoma,
on May 31, 2013, measured 2.6 miles wide at one
point, easily breaking the record for the widest
tornado ever observed.
4. TSUNAMI
• A tsunami is also known as a seismic sea wave or as a tidal wave.
• It is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally
in an ocean or a large lake.
• Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes.
• A tsunami with a record run-up height of 1720 feet occurred in Lituya Bay, Alaska is recorded to be the
greatest tsunami.
5. FLOOD
• A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.
• The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by
water.
• Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows
or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries.
• The Huang He (Yellow River) in China floods particularly often is the Great Flood of 1931 caused between
800,000 and 4,000,000 deaths.
6. LANDSLIDE
• A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a
wide range of ground movement such as a rock fall.
• This might be due to movement in tectonic plates, floods
,etc.,.
7. AVALANCHE
• An avalanche is also called as a snow slide
• It is a rapid flow of snow down a sloppy surface.
8. VOLCANO ERUPTIONS
• Volcanoes can cause widespread destruction and consequent
disaster in several ways.
• The effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may cause
harm following the explosion of the volcano or the fall of rock.
• Second, lava may be produced during the eruption of a
volcano.
• As it leaves the volcano, the lava destroys many buildings and
plants it encounters.
• Third, volcanic ash generally meaning the cooled ash - may
form a cloud, and settle thickly in nearby location
HUMAN IMPACTS FROM NATURAL DISASTER
Human impacts from natural disasters are not fully captured in mortality
rates. Injury, homelessness, and displacement can all have a significant
impact on populations.
Disaster affects our life in many ways. The affect it makes can also be termed
as Impacts of Disasters.
Impact of Disaster could be :
a. Impact on Human Life
b. Impact on Economy
c. Impact on Ecology and Environment
d. Psychological Impacts
e. Social Impacts
f. Health Impacts Impact of Disasters a
NUMBER OF REPORTED NATURAL DISASTER EVENTS
GLOBAL ANNUAL DEATHS FROM NATURAL DISASTER , BY DECADE
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS FROM NATURAL DISASTERS
HUMAN INDUCED DISASTER
⦁ A disastrous event caused directly &
principally by one or more identifiable
deliberate or negligent HUMAN
ACTIONS
⦁ They are Intentionally or
Unintentionally.
⦁ The Effects of Human-Induced Disaster
are in a large scale.
⚫ Loss of life
⚫ Damage to Nation’s Economy
⚫ Social Disruptions
⚫ Long-term damage & Widespread effects
(For example : Nuclear Explosion)
TYPES OF HUMAN-INDUCED DISASTER
⦁ Nuclear disasters
⦁ Biological disasters
⦁ Chemical disasters
⦁ Fire accidents
⦁ Road accidents
⦁ Terrorism
NUCLEAR DISASTERS
⦁ It is a type of explosion deriving its force from nuclear reactions of fission
and fusion .
⦁ It is of two types fission and fusion .
⦁ Example Of fission are atomic bombs , A-bombs , fission bombs .
⦁ Example Of fusion bombs are hydrogen bombs , H-bombs , fusion bombs
etc
The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel.
The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere and downwind –
some 5200 PBq (I-131 eq).
Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the accident, and a further 28 people died within a few weeks as a result of acute
radiation poisoning.
UNSCEAR says that apart from increased thyroid cancers, "there is no evidence of a major public health impact attributable to
radiation exposure 20 years after the accident."
Resettlement of areas from which people were relocated is ongoing. In 2011 Chernobyl was officially declared a tourist attraction.
Source : [Link]
[Link]/information-library/safety-and
security/safety-of-plants/chernobyl-
PRECAUTIONS FROM NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
⦁ Common indicators of these disasters are vomiting , nausea , dizziness etc.
⦁ Looking at fire as it causes instant blindness
⦁ Close all doors and windows as radioactivity doesn’t penetrate into solid
structures
⦁ Cover all food and water
⦁ Listen govt. orders
BIOLOGICAL DISASTER
⦁ Biological disaster refers to calamity caused by the exposure of living
organisms to germs and toxic substances. For instance, spread of a
disease, a virus.
⦁ Biological disasters may be in the form of :-
⚫ Epidemic affecting a disproportionately large number of individuals within a
population, community, or region at the same time
⚫ Pandemic that spreads across a large region, that is, a continent, or even
worldwide of existing
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
Biological warfare —also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and
fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war
The Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo
unsuccessfully tried to weaponize
botulinum toxin and anthrax in the
mid-1990s. In the days after the
September 11 attacks in the United
States, a series of anthrax-laced letters
sent to several news agencies and two U.S.
Senators killed five and sickened 17
others. Terrorists are drawn to biological
weapons for their relative low cost, simple
delivery and psychological impact.
Source :
PRECAUTIONS FROM BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS
⦁ Cover your mouth with a wet cloth
⦁ Getting away from suspicious things.
⦁ Listening to news and broadcast from government.
CHEMICAL DISASTERS
⦁ Disasters that are caused by the
excessive use and misuse of
chemicals in industries are
called chemical disasters .
⦁ The irresponsible handling of
powerful chemicals can cause
widespread devastation.
PRECAUTIONS FROM CHEMICAL DISASTERS
⦁ Industries using harmful and powerful chemicals should be located far
away from residential areas
⦁ There should be surveys to keep a check on their activity
⦁ The govt. should formulate an emergency plan to in case of an accident
⦁ Pollution levels should be checked and maintained
FIRE
⦁ Accidents that are caused due to
fire are quite common .
⦁ Fire results in heavy damage both
in terms of life and property .
⦁ Loss of life is high in a crowded
building
PRECAUTIONS FROM FIRE
⦁ The main reason is poor wiring and faulty electrical equipment , leaking
gas or carelessly thrown cigarettes and matches
⦁ The main power supply source is good condition.
⦁ Wire should be properly covered Inflammable things should be kept out of
reach of children
⦁ Power points shouldn’t be overloaded
⦁ Gas leakage should be checked
ROAD AND AIR ACCIDENTS
⦁ Travel accidents are quite common.
⦁ An accident which involves a no. of people becomes a disaster.
⦁ Example of these disasters are air crashes , train or vehicles collisions ,
capsizing of boats etc.
US-BANGLA AIRCRAFT CRASHES ON LANDING AT TIA
There were 71 people on board, of which 33 were Nepalis, 32 Bangladeshis, one Chinese and one Maldivian
Bodies of 31 deceased were recovered at the crash site while 18 were pronounced dead upon arrival at hospitals
The 22 injured passengers are undergoing treatment at various hospitals
Many fire-fighting engines and ambulances rushed to the accident site immediately as news of the crash broke
Source : [Link]
bangla-plane-crashes-while-landing-at-tia/
According to General Manager at the TIA, Raj Kumar Chhettri, the plane crashed at 2:18 pm. GM Chhetri added that the plane took a missed
approach touching down the fencing area next to the parked planes at the airport
NEPAL 2018: 1176 ROAD ACCIDENTS DEATHS
Source : [Link]
accidents-deaths-2478-fire-accidents/
PRECAUTIONS FROM ACCIDENTS
⦁ All efforts should be made to carry victims to nearby hospital
⦁ If possible, first aid can be given to victims
⦁ It is the duty of people present there to get trapped people out
⦁ If we smell fuel at accident site , warn people and don’t light fire
TERRORISM
⦁ Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the
use of intentionally indiscriminate
violence as a means to create terror
among masses of people; or fear to
achieve a religious or political aim
⦁ This is another type of disaster that
results in loss of life and property.
⦁ Terrorists use violence and strike
without warning.
⦁ They use bombs , guns etc. to terrorize
people
On June 6, 2005, the Maoist cadres planted a
landmine targeting the bus with registration
number Na 1 Kha 3245, which was full of
passengers at local Badarmude in the then
Kalyanpur VDC of Madi Valley in Chitwan.
A total of 38 innocent people, including three
security persons, were killed on the spot,
while 72 others were injured in the explosion.
Among those injured, four died later taking
the death toll to 42. Among the injured, 10 are
still under regular medication
BADARMUDE BUS EXPLOSION
Source : [Link]
blast-victims-still-deprived-of-justice/
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
o It is an ongoing process by which governments, civil (and military)
society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during
and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover
after a disaster has occurred.
Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid, the potential losses
from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims
of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery.
OBJECTIVE
⦁ Substantial reduction of the overall risks of disasters to an
acceptable level with appropriate risk reduction interventions
⦁ Effective implementation of post disaster emergency response
⦁ Rehabilitation and recovery measures
PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
⦁ MITIGATION
Preventing future emergencies or minimizing their effects
Includes any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the
chance of an emergency happening, or reduce the damaging effects
of unavoidable emergencies.
⦁ Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses;
public education.
⦁ PREPAREDNESS
Preparing to handle an emergency
Includes plans or preparations made to save lives and to help
response and rescue operations.
⦁ Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training;
warning systems.
⦁ RESPONSE
Responding safely to an emergency
Includes actions taken to save lives and prevent further property
damage in an emergency situation. Response is putting your
preparedness plans into action.
⦁ Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief .
⦁ RECOVERY
Recovering from an emergency
Includes actions taken to return to a normal or an even safer
situation following an emergency.
⦁ Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE FOR FIRE
⦁ Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in
the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.
CLASSES OF FIRE
⦁ Class A - fires involving solid materials such as wood, paper or
textiles.
⦁ Class B - fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel or
oils.
⦁ Class C - fires involving gases.
⦁ Class D - fires involving metals.
⦁ Class E - fires involving live electrical apparatus.
⦁ Class F - fires involving cooking oils such as in deep-fat fryers.
⦁ Every year water induced disasters and fires in Nepal causes
numerous human losses and the destruction of livelihoods and
infrastructure.
⦁ In Nepal, houses for residential purpose are developed in cluster
basis which are more susceptible to catching fire and spreading
over there immediately due to close connectivity especially in the
dry season.
⦁ Wildfire is another cause of natural disaster which usually occurs
during dry season, especially in the mid hill areas. In the Terai
region, fire, including the wildfire occurs mainly in the dry season.
MITIGATION
⦁ To mitigate fire in home, follow safety standards in selecting
building materials, wiring, and appliances. But, an accident
involving fire could happen.
⦁ To protect yourself from the costly burden of rebuilding after a fire,
you should buy fire insurance. These actions reduce the danger and
damaging effects of fire.
⦁ The most common form of active fire protection is fire sprinklers.
PREPAREDNESS
⦁ Posting emergency telephone numbers, and installing smoke
detectors are all preparedness measures.
⦁ You should also consider preparing a disaster kit with essential
supplies for your family and animals.
⦁ Fire prevention also includes education to teach people how to
avoid causing fires. Buildings, especially schools and tall buildings,
often conduct fire drills to inform and prepare citizens on how to
react to a building fire.
RESPONSE
⦁ Safely leading away from a wildfire are examples of safe response.
These actions can save lives.
⦁ Turning off gas valves.
RECOVERY
⦁ During recovery, you should also consider things to do that would
lessen (mitigate) the effects of future disasters.
⦁ Financial assistance would also help.
CASES IN NEPAL
⦁ Gas heater fire kills engineer couple
A tragic fire incident in the capital involving a gas heater has
claimed the lives of an engineer couple, while their one-and-half-
year-old child
⦁ Property worth Rs 20 m gutted by fire in Kuleshwor
Property worth an estimated Rs 20 million was gutted in a fire that
broke out at a car decoration accessories shop in Kuleshwor
FIRE INCIDENT IN SIRAHA DISTRICT
⦁ Total 1080 huts belonging to 347 families engulfed by fire in
Aurahi VDC of Siraha district on 15 May 2012
⦁ One confirmed dead and four injured; total 2063 people affected
during the incident
SITUATION OVERVIEW
⦁ Total seven people with disability are identified in the affected
community. District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) decided to
provide NRs. 6,000 (NRs 1,000 from District Development
Committee and NRs. 5,000 from the local relief fund) to each of the
affected families.
⦁ The Prime Minister visited the affected area and announced to
provide NRs. 25,000 to each affected family and requested all
humanitarian organizations and individuals to support the affected
families.
NEEDS AND RESPONSE
⦁ Security Forces (Nepal Army, Nepal Police and Armed Police Force),
NRCS volunteers and local communities worked very hard to control the
fire.
⦁ People from the neighboring communities also supported the security
forces as well as the fire brigades from Lahan, Rajbiraj and Janakpur
were also involved.
⦁ DDRC Siraha met on 17 May 2012 at 0800 hrs and came up with the
following decisions:
⦁ As the existing relief items are enough for next few days only, DDRC
meeting requests all national and international, private and non-
government sectors for further support. Likewise, as there is a need of
food support for the next six months, DDRC expecting WFP to
coordinate with relevant agencies providing food support for the period;
⦁ As temporary shelter is also immediate need of the affected
people, DDRC requests Habitat for Humanity and Rural
Reconstruction Nepal (RRN) to support the shelter materials
including bamboo to the affected families;
⦁ DDRC requests UNICEF and Save the Children for Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) support for the affected
population, also requested Save the Children for education kit
and UNICEF for hygiene kits; [Link]
⦁ As there is an immediate need of cooking fuel, DDRC requests
District Forest Office and organizations working on forestry
sectors to avail firewood for the affected people;
⦁ There is a need to rehabilitate the fire affected population as soon
as possible; hence DDRC requests UN Habitat, Lumanti, Lutheran
World Federation (LWF) etc to support reconstructing new housing
in the affected area;
⦁ DDRC requests UN Field Coordination Office, Biratnagar to
provide coordination support with the UN and all
national/international non government organizations.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE FOR FLOOD
OVERVIEW
⦁ Introduction for flood
⦁ Objectives
⦁ Types of floods
⦁ Causes of floods
⦁ Flood impacts
⦁ Methodology
⦁ Flood forecasting
⦁ Flood zoning
⦁ Case study
FLOODS
⦁ A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land
which is usually dry.
⦁ The European Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a
flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered
by water.
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
⦁ To identify causes of floods
⦁ To describe the overall impact of flooding
⦁ To formulate a strategy for the flood affected areas, with
reference to :
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
INTRODUCTION
⦁ A flood occurs when the Geomorphic equilibrium in the
river system is disturbed because of intrinsic or extrinsic
factors or when a system crosses the geomorphic
threshold.
a) Flooding in a river due to aggradation of river bed
(intrinsic threshold)
b) Flooding in a river due to heavy rainfall (extrinsic
threshold)
TYPES OF FLOODS
⦁ River floods
⦁ Flash floods
⦁ Coastal floods
⦁ Urban floods
According to their duration flood can be divided into
different categories:
⮚Slow Onset Floods : usually last for a relatively longer
period, it may last for one or more peeks, or even months
⮚Rapid Onset Floods: last for a relatively shorter period,
they usually last for one or two days only
⮚Flash floods: may occur within minutes or a few hours
after heavy rainfall,tropical storm, failure of dams or
levees or releases of ice dams
CAUSES OF FLOODS
FLOOD IMPACTS
• Human Loss
• Property Loss
• Affects the Major Roads
• Disruption of Air / Train / Bus services
• Spread of Water-borne Communicable Diseases
• Communication Breakdown
• Electricity Supply Cut off
ON LONG RUN
⦁ [Link] hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism,
rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases
⦁ [Link] impact on those affected may cause psychological damage to
those affected, in particular where deaths, serious injuries and loss of
property occur.
⦁ [Link] flooding can lead to chronically wet houses, which are
linked to an increase in respiratory problems and other illnesses.
⦁ [Link] flooding also has significant economic implications for
affected neighborhoods.
BENEFITS
[Link] recharges ground water, making soil more fertile and
increasing nutrients in some soils.
[Link] waters provide much needed water resources in arid and
semi-arid regions where precipitation can be very unevenly distributed
throughout the year.
[Link] floods particularly play an important role in maintaining
ecosystems in river corridors and are a key factor in maintaining
floodplain biodiversity.
[Link] can spread nutrients to lakes and rivers, which can lead to
increased biomass and improved fisheries for a few years
UNISDR REPORT
FLOOD FORECASTNG
⦁ In order to make the most accurate flood forecasts
for waterways, it is best to have a long time-series of
historical data that relates stream flows to measured
past rainfall events
⦁ Radar estimates of rainfall and general weather forecasting
techniques are also important components of good flood
forecasting
FLOOD CONTROL
DAMS DIVERSION CANAL
⦁ Dams
⦁ Diversion canal
⦁ Self closing flood barrier
⦁ River defences
⦁ Coastal defences
SELF CLOSING FLOOD RIVER DEFENCES COASTAL
BARRIER DEFENCES
MANAGEMENT CYCLE
FLOOD IN NEPAL
CAUSES OF FLOODS IN NEPAL
⮚Highly concentrated rainfall in monsoon season
⮚Steep mountain topography
⮚Deep and narrow river alleys
TYPES OF FLOOD IN NEPAL
⮚Flood due to rainfall and cloudburst
⮚Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)
⮚Landslide dam outburst floods (LDOFs)
⮚Floods triggered by the failure of infrastructure
⮚Sheet flooding or inundation in lowland areas
KOSHI FLOOD
INCIDENT
⦁ Koshi flood is one of the man-made embankments failed
on 18 August 2008.
⦁ Occur every year and cause more deaths and has earned
the Koshi the epithet "The Sorrow river of Nepal".
⦁ Unlike earlier floods in 2008, on this occasion the river
itself changed its path by several kilometres
CAUSES OF THE EVENT: :
⦁ Torrential monsoon rainfall beginning from 10 July
2007.
⦁ Low maintenance of embankment.
⦁ High siltation over time
OVERVIEW OF THE EVENT IN APPROXIMATE NUMBERS: :
⦁ No. of affected VDCs: 8
⦁ No. of affected families: 11,000
⦁ No. of affected persons: 55,000
⦁ Area of affected land: 5,500 hectares
⦁ Loss of livestock: 13,000 heads including birds
⦁ No. of registered families: 7,600
⦁ No. of registered persons : 44,000
⦁ No. of temporary camps: 28
Source: UNDP Nepal
SITUATION ASSESSMENT: :
⦁ At least eight VDCs: - Kusaha, Laukahi, Ghuski,
Sreepur, Haripur, Narshimha, Madhuban and
Basantapur have been badly affected.
⦁ The national highway has also been damaged at several
places by the flood.
⦁ Twenty deaths occurred due to disaster related
waterborne diseases
STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE
RELIEF AND REHABILITATION WORK AT THAT TIME:
⦁ Cash-for-Food Update: DDRC provided the Cash-for-
Food with the norms of NPR 1,000 per family member to
households with less than five members, families with
more than five members received a lump sum of NPR
5075.00
⦁ Government Compensation Package: The government
approved a total of NPR 1608.2975 million to compensate
flood damaged buildings, land and crops, as well as funds
for two Kattha of land for the landless households and
compensation for deaths that occurred in camps
RELIEF AND REHABILITATION WORK AT THAT TIME
⦁ Landlessness: It was estimated that total of 250-300
families have lost houses and land completely by the main
stream of the flood during Koshi embankment breach; for
which DAO formed a committee representing flood
affected victims for the identification of these families.
⦁ Restoring family links assistance: A tracing officer from
the NRCS NHQs provided a tracing orientation to a total
of three field staff at Inaruwa. Red Cross Message (RCM)
takes the photographs of dead bodies and unaccompanied
minors so that their relatives and the parents could be
informed
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE FOR STORM
STORM
A violet disturbance of the atmosphere with strong wind and usually rain, thunder, lighting or
snow.
10 MOST COMMON TYPES OF STORMS
⦁ DERECHO STORMS
⦁ FLOODING
⦁ HAIL STORMS
⦁ SNOW STORMS
⦁ HURRICANES
⦁ ICE STORMS
⦁ LIGHTING
⦁ THUNDER STORMS
⦁ TORNADOES
⦁ TROPICAL STORMS
1. DERECHO STORMS
⦁ A Derecho is a large series of storms following each other over a path of
at least 240 miles with wind gusts of at least 58mph.
⦁ These types of storm are hard to predict, but often happen in warm
weather in June and July.
2. FLOODING
⦁ Floods occur due to rain and other water rising faster than the drains
can handle. Flash floods can leave buildings and roads under several
inches of water in a matter of minutes.
⦁ Flooding often leads to severe damage to homes and commercial
buildings, other property and infrastructure.
3. HAIL STORMS
⦁ Hail storms often cause a lot of damage as they are hard and can fall at
speeds of up to 120mph.
⦁ Damage caused by hailstorms often includes roof, windows and
skylights, siding, guttering, as well as other property and vehicle
damage
4. SNOW STORMS
⦁ Heavy snow may seem more of an inconvenience than a cause of
damage to your home, however heavy build ups of snow can lead to
collapsed roofs or gutters, and blocked drains can cause flooding.
5. HURRICANES
⦁ The hurricane is the most powerful type of tropical cyclone, and is identified by
low pressure systems, high winds, heavy rainfall and storm surges and swells.
⦁ Hurricanes that reach land can be extremely destructive damaging property and
affecting infrastructure.
6. ICE STORMS
Ice storms produce freezing rain which covers everything in ice, making
everything slippery, and causing hazardous conditions and potentially affecting
homes and vehicles.
7. LIGHTING
Lightning is often to blame for storm damage, and is usually the cause of
falling trees, wildfires, structural fires and power outages.
8. THUNDER STORMS
⦁ Thunderstorms can cause a wide range of different types of weather, such as
hail, tornadoes and flooding. This can cause damage to property.
⦁ Lightning strikes from dry thunderstorms, where there is no rain, often
cause wildfires.
9. TORNADOES
⦁ Tornadoes are extremely dangerous, from the high winds often in
excess of 300mph, to the debris carried by these high winds.
⦁ Tornadoes are so prevalent in certain states, including Oklahoma,
Texas, Kansas and Missouri that the area is named “tornado alley”.
Minnesota lies on the northern edge and sees around 26 tornadoes per
year, an average of more than 2 a month.
10. TROPICAL STORMS
⦁ Tropical storms must have wind speeds of between 39 and 73mph, and
are prevalent in the Pacific and Atlantic.
⦁ The main damage caused by tropical storms include damage caused by
water, and damage caused by debris picked up by the wind.
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES
CYCLONE FANI
• It’s Believed the storm, called
Cyclone Fani (pronounced “Foni”),
struck the coast with winds in excess
of 115 miles per hours (equivalent to
a Category 3 hurricane).
• The biggest cyclone in 20 years has
hit India.
• Millions were in its path in India and
Bangladesh.
• At least 300 people were injured across Odisha; as of Sunday, at least 33 people have
been killed in INDIA.
• At least 12 people were killed in Bangladesh, with at least six people killed by lightning.
At least 63 people were injured.
• Bangladeshi officials believe at least 11,000 homes have been damaged; 2,200 were
destroyed.
• In preparation for Cyclone Fani, more than a
million people were evacuated in coastal
areas in the Indian state Odisha, where the
storm hit.
• Some 4,000 shelters were set up in the
region.
• Train stations and airports were closed.
• The evacuations were justified. In 1999, a
similar-sized storm hit Odisha and killed
nearly 10,000 people.
Pre disaster of fani
• The government’s “zero casualty” policy for natural disasters and the near accuracy of
the India meteorological department’s early warning system have helped reduce the
possibility of deaths from cyclone Fani.
• A record 1.2m people (equal to the population of Mauritius) were evacuated in less than
48 hours,
• Almost 7,000 kitchens, catering to 9,000 shelters, were made functional overnight.
• This mammoth exercise involved more than 45,000 volunteers.
FOUR KEY TAKEAWAYS FROM STATE GOVERNMENT OF Odisha.
• Build a relief infrastructure
• Accuracy of early warning systems
• Clear communication plan
• Effective co-ordination of groups
Build a relief infrastructure
• Until 1999, Odisha didn’t have a well laid out plan for disaster management.
• Two months after the cyclone hit, the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority was set up
and plans put in place.
• Around 900 cyclone shelters have been built in vulnerable pockets of the state, with systems in
place for the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people.
• By 2001, Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force was also set up to conduct rescue operations and
distribute relief.
• There is a clear command and control structure for disaster relief and there are clear protocols
in place for carrying out relief operations.
• These were successfully used in managing cyclone Phailin in 2013 (a storm five times the size
of hurricane Katrina), cyclone Hudhud in 2014 and cyclone Fani.
Accuracy of early warning systems
• The India Meteorological Department has built an effective service to predict accurate
timings of cyclone formation in the Bay of Bengal and when it will make landfall along
India’s coastline.
• This early warning system enables the state to be disaster ready and minimise loss of
lives.
• It’s then crucial that people follow the protocols in place when the warnings come in.
Clear communication plan
• Roughly 2.6m text messages were sent to locals in clear language before cyclone
Fani hit, keeping those potentially affected alert.
• Regular press briefings were made by officials to update people of the
approaching cyclone.
• People were repeatedly advised over all forms of media not to panic and given
clear “do and don’ts”.
• This helped in the record evacuation of 1.2m people to safe buildings.
Effective co-ordination of groups
• Preparations to fight the onslaught of Fani involved a number of government agencies, as
well as local community groups and volunteers working together.
• The government’s disaster response forces were pre-positioned in vulnerable locations,
food packets for air-dropping were made ready for air force helicopters to drop to
people.
• Senior state officials and police officers were sent to the affected districts to co-ordinate
efforts of various agencies.
RELIEF PACKAGE
• Odisha’s government announced an aid package of rice, cash, and emergency blankets.
• The Air Force and Navy have been deployed to help distribute supplies.
• Odisha’s government also announced a three-tiered repair fund for damaged and destroyed
buildings.
• Owners of destroyed structures will receive $1,374, those with partial damage will receive $75,
and those with minor damage will receive $46.
• On Sunday, Indian officials praised the 60,000 government workers and employees involved in
the massive evacuation as well as the 45,000 volunteers who assisted evacuees during the
storm itself.
TORNADO IN NEPAL
⦁ 2019 March 31 Night.
⦁ This is the first time Nepal faced a tornado.
⦁ The storm swept through villages in a
farming region of Bara and Parsa districts
in southern Nepal.
⦁ Killed 29 , injured over 600 people with
destruction property.
⦁ Destroying 940 houses and causing varying
degrees of damage to 955 others.
Thousands of people have been rendered
homeless.
RELIEF PROGRAM
⦁ RAC Birgunj Metropolis along
with RC Birgunj Metropolis had
done various volunteering work
along with donations in storm
affected area that includes night
rescue work as well along with
days for 3 days until the
situation was under control.
DIFFERENT RELIEF PROGRAM
⦁ It is said that there already is more than Rs 2 billion in the Prime
Minister Relief Fund, the biggest government relief fund, set up to
respond to natural disasters.
⦁ The Province 2 government has announced to provide Rs 300,000 to
the storm-hit family as interim relief and on Tuesday it decided to
provide a pre-fab house each to the victims within four months.
⦁ Far-western provincial government on Tuesday said it would
provide Rs 10 million to the storm victims. Also, the members of
the provincial assembly will donate their one day's salary to the
victims. “We want to help the storm victims,” said Internal Affairs
and Law Minister Prakash Bahadur Shahi.
⦁ Meanwhile, Province 3 government has also announced to provide
Rs 10 million for rainstorm victims in Bara and Parsa.
⦁ Mountain Heart Nepal treats 160 patients in a day after high
winds and flooding rip through Southern Nepal.
⦁ Sapana Village Social help with relief material (mosquito net, bed sheet,
tooth pest, brushes, soaps, sanitary pads) for 300 families and distributed to
the victims in the presence of the local authorities.
REFERENCE
⦁ [Link]
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nepali-scientists/
⦁ [Link]
disease-outbreak
⦁ [Link]
⦁ [Link]
unspent/[Link]
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plants/[Link]
⦁ [Link]
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tia/
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accidents/
⦁ [Link]
deprived-of-justice/
