SF 112

NURSERY AND PLANTATION

ESTABLISHMENT
Silviculture
- is the practice of controlling the establishment, growth,
composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse
needs and values
- The name comes from the Latin silvi- (forest) + culture
(as in growing).
- is the science and art of growing and tending forest crops,
based on a knowledge of silvics, i.e., the study of the life
history and general characteristics of forest trees and
stands, with particular reference to locality factors.
- the theory and practice of controlling the establishment,
composition, constitution, and growth of forests
Nursery
- a forest nursery is an area upon which young or seedlings
are grown for forest plantation
- is used for growing new plants from seeds, cuttings,
divided root stock etc.
- may supply plants for gardens, for agriculture, for forestry
and for conservation biology.
Importance of Establishing a Nursery
Reforestation or plantation with its own nursery has the
following advantages:
1. Planting materials are available for use when desired.
2. Danger of deterioration through transport is
eliminated.
3. Size and age of seedlings desired can be obtained with
greater assurance.
4. Planting materials when grown on a large scale the cost
is usually less.
Importance of Establishing a Nursery
5. There is greater assurance that seedlings are true to
name (species) as origin of seeds is usually known.
6. Nursery grown seedlings are usually better adapted to
climatic and soil conditions of planting site.
7. Introduction of harmful insects and serious fungus
diseases in the nursery is eliminated.
8. It can be better graded to fit particular requirements of
its planting site.
9. Conditions under which seedlings grew are known.
Types of Nursery
1. Temporary Nursery (subsidiary )
- Is an area used for growing young trees for a few
years only, usually to grow stock for planting a
particular area and abandon it thereafter.
Types of Nursery

2. Permanent Nursery (Central )

- Is an area used to grow stock continuously year after
on the site
Types of Nursery
3. Extension Nursery
- Is used in social and community forestry programs
to provide plants of many species for local needs such
as fruit trees, shade, amenity, firewood, fooder,posts
and poles, etc..
4. Individual Villagers or Farmers developed nursery
- Extension of extension nursery.
 Characteristics of Temporary and
Permanent Nursery
Temporary Nursery Permanent
Usually with small area Usually large and intensely managed
Partially surrounded by high forest Usually readily accessible
Usually located on recently felled areas where Usually near to adequate water and
there is an abundant organic matter labor supply
 Advantages of Temporary and
Permanent Nursery
Temporary Nursery Permanent Nursery
Seedlings are grown in the same Much economical to grow seedlings in
vegetative zone as to the planting site. larger number.

Cost of seedling transport is much reduced Management is much easier in a central

nursery.
Time between seedling preparation for
planting and actual planting preparation for
planting preparation is much reduced.
Selection of Nursery Site
- Selection of nursery site for a large nursery is very
difficult task; requiring mature judgement and careful
study, especially in a mountainous region where all
conditions favorable to nursery practices are seldom met
on the same area.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
1. Water Supply
- This is very important factor. The nursery must have water supply all
throughout the year especially during summer time. During summer,
plants need more water. If water is present even during long period
without rain, then nursery is a good site.
- Amount of water needed in the nursery depend on the following:
a) Size of nursery.
b) Type of Soil. Sandy soil needs more amount of water.
c) Number of seedlings raised in the nursery.
d) Types of species grown in the nursery. Broad leaf species need more
water.
e) Type of watering the seedlings. It can be sprinkling, irrigation,
flooding and overhead watering.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
2. Size and Ownership of the Area
- On size depends on the type whether temporary or permanent.
- The area must have enough area that accommodates the different parts/
structures of the nursery such as seed beds, transplant beds (pot beds)
quarter, green house, sheds and hardening beds, etc.
- Basis on the size of the nursery:
a) Number of seedlings to be raised per annum
b) Kind of tree species grown. If the species is sun loving, it needs more space because
this needs farther distance from each other.
c) Nursery life of the seedlings in the nursery.
d) The area needed for the infrastructures in the nursery. These include office/quarter
pathway, ditches, etc. all these will cover 25% of the total area of the nursery.
- Must be in area without conflict to get away from future trouble, this is also
to have freedom in exercising decisions on the part of the manager.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
3. Location
- It must near or at the center of the plantation ( especially for temporary
nursery).
- Free from typhoons and strong winds. If the selected area is frequently
hit by strong winds, green shelterbelts must be established around the
nursery. Trees recommended for shelterbelt are nitrogen fixers such as
ipil-ipil and madre de cacao.
- The site of the nursery must be free from obstruction of huge trees.
- Northeast aspect or exposure is best suitable than any other. It has
moisture soil condition and cooler temperature. Narrow valleys or deep
canyons should be avoided because it lacks direct sunlight for a large part
of the day.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
4. Accessibility
- This refers to the available means of transport to the nursery. Big cost of
road construction should be avoided and it is suggested to locate nursery
near existing road.
- The area must reach by road systems or access road.
- Hilltop or valley bottoms are unsuitable locations. Middle to lower slopes are
suitable
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
5. Topography
- If the soil is light sandy soil, the flat area can be recommended. The flat
lands ease the activities in the nursery.
- If the soil is sandy loam/loamy, the area with slope 1-2% is recommended in
order for the rainwater not to stagnate during rainy season.
- If no available site that flat or slightly flat, sloppy lands can be selected
provided that terracing must be done so that seedlings and soil not be over
thrown downward.
- A gentle slope, just sufficient to permit satisfactory drainage is best for an
average site, such as 6% slope is suitable.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
6. Groundcover
- The site must be free from big stones and stumps so that it is not difficult to
prepare the site. Site preparation is not also costly.
- Do not select cogonal area because this is an indicator that the soil is bad.
- The area must be exposed to sunlight.
- Land bearing felled logs and old stumps or large amount of rocks is very
expensive to clear and develop, these surface conditions should be avoided
The vegetation of the site is often a useful indicator for average moisture
content, fertility and the soil reaction.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
7. Soil Condition
- The soil in the area must be sandy loam, high humus content, pH between
5.5 to 6.5
- A good soil is prerequisite to success and economy of seedling production .
An ideal nursery soil should be light sandy loam or loamy sandy
foundation. Heavy clay should also be avoided because it retains most of the
water.
Humus
- - is the dark organic matter that forms in the soil when plant and animal
matter decays. It contains many useful nutrients for healthy soil, nitrogen
being the most important of all.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
8. Climatic factors
- The location of the nursery and planting area should also be considered.
The seedlings should be grown in the same climatic zone as to its planting
site.
CLIMATIC TYPES IN THE PHILIPPINES BASED ON MODIFIED CORONAS CLASSIFICATIONS

TYPE I Two pronounced seasons

Dry: November to April
Wet: Rest of the year

TYPE II No dry season

Very pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January

TYPE III Seasons not very pronounced.

Relatively dry from November to April
Wet during the rest of the year

TYPE IV Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED INSELECTING AND
ESTABLISHING A FOREST NURSERY
9. Labor Supply
- The nursery should be near to labor supply . It will cost high overhead cost
in ferrying workers back and forth from the nursery to their residence.
Thus, seedling production will be very expensive.
 IMPORTANT PARTS OF A NURSERY FOR
DEVELOPMENT
1. Seedbeds - for germinating seeds ( germination beds) and
hardening or transplanting seedlings (transplant r hardening bed)
2. Water system – sprinkling method, flooding, furrow irrigation, sub-
irrigation
3. Drainage system – close type (blind drainage) . Open type
4. Building – use for office, bodega, quarter, greenhouse, etc.
5. Tool house – used for storing nursery tools and implements shovel,
mattock, rake, light hoe, garden trowel, whel barrow, cycle (bolo),
post hole digger, shear, hammer, saw, sprinkler cans, seed
containers, other
6. Pathways – the width of which depends upon the number of people
using and the kind of equipment using.
7. Seeds storage-
Optional parts
- fences, gate, parking area, compost pit, working shade,
METHODS OF NURSERY SITE PREPARATION
1. Site Clearing – involved the total destruction and clearance of the
existing vegetation
Various methods
a) Manual clearing- predominant method in combination with other
methods such as burning , this involves brushing of the ground
vegetation and cutting . It is the safest controllable site preparation
method, bit the slowest among all.
b) Machine clearing - high initial cost especially in purchasing the
machine and it needs skilled worker and operator.
c) Chemical site clearing- use of chemicals but not so effective because if
there are existing big trees, only those parts in contact with arboricide
are killed, the rest are not. This can also damage to the young seedlings
and is not environmentally friendly.
METHODS OF NURSERY SITE PREPARATION
2. Ground Preparation
- ground cultivation by removing the stumps, rocks,
remaining roots, etc.
Germinating seeds
After a seed drops from a plant it usually goes into a resting period called dormancy.
During dormancy the seed waits until conditions are right to germinate. Some seeds
have to wait for years before they are able to germinate. During this time, seeds
cannot photosynthesize as they lack leaves! Therefore, a seed needs to use stored
energy reserves and undergo cellular respiration in order to stay alive or grow.
Have you ever wondered why seeds and nuts have so many calories? The seed will use
those calories to survive during dormancy and to begin germinating.
Germination of a seed starts with water uptake by the seed. This is an essential step
for the seed to germinate. The total water take up is about 2-3 times the weight of the
seed. Whether or not a viable seed will germinate depends on a number of factors.
The chemical environment of the seed must be right. Water must be available, oxygen
has to be present since the seed must respire and no dangerous chemicals should be
present. The physical environment must also be favorable. The temperature must be
suitable as well as the light quality and quantity. A person may wonder why seeds are
often buried underground. The reason is that this helps guarantee the seeds receive
the correct amount of light for germination. Full sunlight can often prevent a seed
from germinating.
 Importance of Soil Management in Forest Nursery

- Soil management in nursery is concerned with maintaining the soil in

a physical and chemical condition to sustain economic production of
the tree seedling in a piece of land.
 Importance of Water Management in Forest Nursery

- Water is paramount importance in nursery production and

consequently a vital determinant in nursery location. Germinating
plants must be thoroughly watred and should be kept continuously
moist. In fact, drying of beds
 SEED STORAGE
- It is the process or practice of preserving viable seeds at the time of
collection until they are needed for sowing.
- All seeds not sown immediately should be properly preserved and
prolong its viability. Seeds are alive. They represent a dormant stage in the
development of a plant. During this stage, life processes do not entirely
rest.
OBJECTIVES OF SEED STORAGE
1. To preserve seeds under conditions that best retain germinative
capacity during the interval between collection and sowing.
2. To protect the seeds from damage by rodents, birds, and insects.
3. To preserve quantities of seed collected during years of heavy
seed crop to use during years of little or no crop.
Physiological processes of seeds
Respiration
- a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with
the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex
organic substances.
Transpiration
- is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small
pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the
atmosphere.
Digestion
- The process of decomposing organic matter through microbial activity
Absorption
- the process or action by which one thing absorbs or is absorbed by another.

Assimilation
- the conversion of nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the
processes of digestion and absorption.
 SEED STORAGE
B. Approaches to reduce respiration and transpiration
1. store seeds in a moist condition at low temperature.
2. store seeds in a dry condition, that is at a low but uniform
degree of moisture.

C. Critical factors in seed storage

1. relative humidity – high rel. humidity increases rate of
process
2. temperature - high temperature increases rate of respiration
 SEED STORAGE
D. Methods of Seed Storage
1. Dry Storage
a. under fluctuating temp and humidity
b. dry-cold storage
c. storage in sealed cans and boxes

2. Moist or wet storage

a. on or the ground
b. in cold storage
c. in running water
 SEED QUALITY DETERMINATION
Whatever the source from which tree seeds are obtained, careful attention
should be given to its quality

FACTORS IN DETERMINING QUALITY OF SEEDS

1. Origin of seeds
2. Size and weight of seeds
3. Degree of ripeness and age of seeds
 Seed Collection

Procedures in seed collection:

1. Location of seed trees
2. Determine the stage of maturity for
harvesting
3. Method of collecting the seed
 Seed Collection

•Characteristics of a good mother tree

1. Straight bole
2. Fine branching
3. Apparent wood growth
4. Desirable wood qualities
5. Freedom from pest and diseases
 Seed Collection

•Timing of seed collection

1. Size and general appearance (shape)
2. Color change (indicates ripeness)
example
• Anthocephalus chinensis – deep yellow
• Eucalyptus deglupta – greenish yellow to
brown
3. Odor
 Methods of Seed Collection

•1. Special Felling – tree is killed in the process.

- by means of cutting branches.
•2. Ground collection of natural seed fall –
preferable species which produce large heavy
seeds or fruits which normally fall to the
ground.
•3. Direct gathering of fruits – done by
climbing the trees or by using ladders.
 Seed Extraction

-The process of separating the seed from the other

parts of the reproductive organ.
Methods:
A. Pulpy or fleshy fruit
1. Drying – fleshy part can be removed by hand or by
mechanical means.
2. Maceration – to allow the fleshy part to be separated
from the seed (mashing the fruit with the fingers)
3. Manual – de-pulping by hand
 Seed Extraction

B. Dry fruits
1. Drying – to stimulate opening
2. Manual – Separating the seeds from chaft (protective
casings ) and other impurities.

C. Other types
1. Pods are opened by pores using sharp objects (Mahogany)
 Seed Cleaning

The removal of extraneous materials – scales, bits of

capsules, chaff, etc. to help in grading seed to prepare for
storage or sowing.
1. Winnowing – blowing especially for fine seeds
(Eucalyptus)
2. Sieving – for seeds the size of most pine seeds
3. Floatation – for large seeds
4. By hand – Gmelina
FACTORS IN DETERMINING QUALITY OF SEEDS
1. Origin of seeds
- Collected from vigorous middle-aged mother trees without defect.
- Climatic and soil conditions should be similar to planting area.
- Seeds collected from mother trees found in a group of trees.
2. Size and Weight of Seeds
- As a rule, large seeds within same species are high quality.
- Heavy weight seeds are favored then that of light weight seeds.
Light seeds may have underdeveloped kernels, due to unripe seeds
and may be collected from poor mother trees.
3. Degree of ripeness and age of seeds
- All seeds should be thoroughly ripe before harvesting to assure
high quality tree seeds.
- Immature seeds may not be infertile, out its viability is impaired and
produced weak and inferior seedlings.
 Seed Dormancy
Seed dormancy Although some seeds can germinate as soon as they
mature, others enter a state of dormancy during which they will
not germinate and grow. This is a preservation mechanism to
prevent sprouting in autumn and subsequent winter damage to
the seedling. They will need careful handling and additional
treatments to stimulate germination. Dormancy can be
mechanical and caused by seed-coat impermeability
 Seed Dormancy
(Seed coat dormancy) or by physiological internal conditions in the
seed
(embryo dormancy) as in maple and birch; or by both factors
(double dormancy). Seed coat dormancy Seeds that have seed coat
dormancy need only have their coats injured in order to
germinate.
Embryo dormancy These seeds need stratification to approximate
the winter conditions they might normally be subject to.
Generally this treatment includes holding seeds in moist cool
conditions for one to four months although conifer only need
four weeks.
 Seed Dormancy
Double dormancy The seeds require 2 conditions for germination
(i) hard seed coat needs to be broken through to let water inside
– sand paper, file, secateurs, hot water soak, acid scarification,
rubbing against metal sieve; (ii) embryo dormancy – growth
inhibitors or growth enablers (either need warm or cold
treatments) Other terminology
Seed Testing
- Gets information on purity viability of seeds

1. Determination of Genuineness
- examine and compare with known samples

2. Determination of Purity of Seeds

- determined by weight basis
- Get sample which represents the average of an entire lot and
weight, separate pure seeds from impurities or foreign materials.
Weigh pure seeds % Purity of seeds is the product of weight of
pure seeds of sample times 100
Seed Testing
3. Determination of Viability
a. direct inspection (not reliable)
- using external appearance
- color = shiny
- shape = well developed
- using internal appearance
- moist endosperms
- no offensive odor
- healthy embryo
- by soaking seeds in water
= sunk seeds are considered heavy and sound ones
= floated seeds are considered light and dead ones
Seed Testing
3. Determination of Viability
b. Physical Test
- moisture content ( MC) is the indicative feature. Sample seeds
place on a shovel and under direct sunlight. Moist seed will expand
when heated causing it to puff-up and finally explode and spring
away. But dry seeds and rotten ones will not behave as the moist
seeds.

c. Bio-chemical test (fast results and reliable)

- the use of 2-3-5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride also known as
TZ test.

d. Germination Test ( Best method)

- germination test in soil
- germination test in media other than the soil
Germination Terms :
Germination capacity
– proportion of germinable seeds

Germination percentage
– proportion of seeds that germinate in a given length of time

Germination energy or force

– percentage of germination attainable under the most favorable
condition in a definite period of time

Utilization value
– is the product of purity percentage and germination percentage
Special Treatment of Seeds to Hasten Germination
a. Scarification (For less impervious pericarp)
- a scar is made or the testa for hard and leathery seeds to make it
permeable to water.

b. Use of Chemicals (for impervious pericarp)

- to soften the testa and make it permeable to water using suitable
conc. of chemicals and duration of treatment. The common
chemicals are sulphuric and hydrochloric acids.

c. Hot water treatment ( for cartilaginous endosperms or kernels)

- the seeds submerged into a boiling water for a suitable temporary
and duration. It will vary from species to species.

d. Vernalization
- subjecting the seeds alternately in hot and cold temperature before
germination to break seed dormancy.
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
a. Parts of Seeds
¤ Seed coat- protective covering
¤ Hilum – the scar on the seeds as place of attachment
¤ Embryo – generative part or living portion
¤ Endosperm – storage of food
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
b. Seedling Propagation
b.1 Propagation facilities
¤ Seed boxes
¤ Seed flat
¤ Seedbeds
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
b. Seedling Propagation
b.2 Preparation of Media
¤ Soil
¤ Straw paper
¤ Cotton cloth
¤ Water
¤ Sawdust
¤ Ricehull
¤ Agar
¤ etc
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
b. Seedling Propagation
b3. Propagation Supplies
¤ Potting bags
¤ Growth hormones
¤ Potting materials
¤Tying materials
¤ Water materials
¤ Seeds
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
b. Seedling Propagation
b4. Methods of Sowing
¤ Broadcast – seeds are scattered without directions
¤ Drill – seeds are sown in shallow and small furrow

b5. Methods of Sowing Seeds

¤ Broadcast method
¤ Drill method
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
c. Seed Quantity per unit area depends on the following:
1) Species- fast growing should be spaced wider
2) Tree percentage- the utilization value of seeds when higher it needs
wider spacing
3) Length of time that seedlings remain in seedbeds – the longer the
seedlings remain in seedbeds the wider is the spacing.
4) Quality of stock required – short and stocky seedlings required wider
spacing .
5) Methods of seeding – drill seeding requires ½ to 1/3 as much seeds
needed in broadcast seeding.
6) Timing of seeding – depends on:
 species used – seeds that could not be stored should be sown immediately to avoid damage
and deterioration.
 Local climate – seeding should be done when local climate is favourable
 Method of nursery practices – when nursery facilities like shading, watering, and others are
favorable seeding could be done anytime of the year.
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
d. Care of seedbeds before germination
1) Watering – provide adequate moisture for the seeds.
2) Weeding – remove competing plants of soil moisture and
nutrients
3) Mulching – made of cut grasses to minimize evaporation of
weeds.
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
e. Kinds of seed germination
1) Epigeal germination
– the cotyledons raised above the ground by
elongation of the hypocotyl
- a botanical term indicating that the germination of
a plant takes place above the ground.

2) Hypogeal germination
– cotyledons remain below the ground while
the epicotyl (plumule) grows and emerges above the
ground.
- a botanical term indicating that the germination of
a plant takes place below the ground.
Epigeal germination vs. Hypogeal germination
Epigeal germination vs. Hypogeal germination
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
f. Pattern of Seed Germination (Physiological phases/ Stages)
1) Dormancy – a state in which seeds are prevented from
germinating even under environmental conditions normally
favorable for germination
2) Water Inhibition – absorption of water by seeds
3) Enzyme activation – water activates various enzyme systems
and breakdown of food reserves
4) Initiation of Embryo growth – increase in the size of root
shoot axis (epicotyl, hypocotyl , radicle)
5) Rupture of seedcoat and emergence of seedling – due to the
enlargement of root shoot axis.
6) Seedling establishment – seedling starts to establish itself
when it begins water uptake and photosynthesis
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
g. Requirement for Seed Germination
1) Seed Maturity – mature seeds are assured of germination
2) Environment Factors – should be favorable, such as:
Water or Soil Moisture – should be adequate
Air or oxygen – required in respiration of seeds
Temperature – optimum temperature gives favorable
germination. This vary according to species and locality
Light – is sometimes needed by some seeds to activate its
processes.
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
h. Care for Seedbeds after germination
1) Watering – provides adequate water requirements of seedlings
2) Weeding – provides protection to desired species from
competition
3) Shading – provides protection of seedlings from intense light.
4) Control of pest, insects, and diseases – protect seedlings from
damage by biotic agents.
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
i. Transplant Culture
- is meant to transfer of seedlings from the germination beds
to other beds or containers. The object of which is to improve the
quality of seedlings so that it will withstand adverse site conditions.
1) Advantages of transplanting – wider and uniform spacing is
provided and retards growth of tops but stimulates development
of finer lateral roots.
2) Season for transplanting – should be done at the less cost of
operation but higher percentage of survival. Transplanting is
governed by:
 Season – rainy season
 Weather condition – cloudy days
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
i. Transplant Culture
3.) Spacing for Transplant- govern by the following:
 Methods of transplanting and cultivated employed
- Used of transplant beds
- Used of pots (earth-balled)
- Manual cultivation
- Mechanical cultivation
 Size of plants
- smaller plants need closer spacing
- bigger plants need wider spacing
 Duration of transplant to stay in the transplant bed
- short period needs closer spacing
- longer period needs wider spacing
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
i. Transplant Culture
3.) Spacing for Transplant- govern by the following:
 Methods of transplanting and cultivated employed
- Used of transplant beds
- Used of pots (earth-balled)
- Manual cultivation
- Mechanical cultivation
 Size of plants
- smaller plants need closer spacing
- bigger plants need wider spacing
 Duration of transplant to stay in the transplant bed
- short period needs closer spacing
- longer period needs wider spacing
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
i. Transplant Culture
3.) Spacing for Transplant- govern by the following:
 Crown Development
- Broader crown needs wider spacing
- smaller crown needs closer spacing

 Light requirement of species

- tolerant species – closer spacing
- intolerant species – wider spacing

 Objective of management
- short and stocky seedlings- wide spacing
- long and small seedlings – close spacing
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
i. Transplant Culture
4.) Methods of transplanting
 Hole or dibble transplanting
- for larger stocks
 Trench or furrow transplanting
- for smaller stocks

Dibber or dibble or dibbler is a pointed wooden stick for making holes in the ground so that
seeds, seedlings or small bulbs can be planted. Dibbers come in a variety of designs including
the straight dibber, T-handled dibber, trowel dibber, and L-shaped dibber.
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
i. Transplant Culture
5.) Pot transplanting
 Water seedlings thoroughly to soften the soil
 Lift seedlings with the aid of some garden tools to prevent or
minimize root damage
 Carefully remove soils from the roots
 Trim damaged roots and wrap root system with material
 With the prepared pots, plant one seedlings in each pot,
maintaining the depthness as it had been in the beds.
Seed Testing
6.) Protection of Nursery Stocks
- In nursery management, nursery diseases and injuries pose a
problem. Effort should be done to minimize this problem in order to be
successful in growing young trees for forest planting.

a. Nursery disease – these are caused by parasitic organisms. They caused

damage to germinable seeds and young seedlings in the
germination beds and transplant beds.
Seed Testing
4. Seed Germination and Seed Culture
i. Transplant Culture
6.) Protection of Nursery Stocks
a. Pre-emerging damping off damage of seeds before germination.
a.1 Some causal organism
- Penicillium sp.
- Aspergillus sp.
- Rhizopus sp.
- Mucor sp.
- Phytium sp.
- Sclerotium sp.
Seed Testing
b. Nature of damage- rotting of seeds.
c. Factors that may favor destruction
- immaturity of fruits and seeds
- improper drying techniques
- improper storage techniques
d. Control measures
- partial or complete sterilization of soil prior to seedling
- heating the soil
- pouring hot water on the seedbeds
- disinfectant treatment of seedbed soil
Before sowing After Sowing
formaldehyde sulphuric acid soln
vapam ammonium sulphate
D-D mixture ferrous sulphate
Nursery Pest and Injuries
1. Pest
A. Rodents (rats, squirrels, etc.)
- cause damage before seed germinates by eating the seeds and
digging the seedbed soil. Their damage could control or minimize by
preventing them from reaching the seedbeds like covering seedbed
with wire net, fencing seedbed with G.I. sheets and measure taken to
destroy rodents by physical ( handkilling, shooting, trapping);
chemical use of poison baits)

B. Birds
-cause damage after seed germinated by scratching up
seedbeds, eating edible cotyledons, nipping-off tops of young
seedlings. They could be control by driving off, installing scaring
objects, pounding tin cans, firing blank cartridges and installing nets
over seedbeds.
Nursery Pest and Injuries
2. Physical Injuries
A. Drought Injury
- cause by imbalance of transpiration and water absorption
during growing season. This could be controlled by supplying
adequate water and shading the nursery stock.

B. Heat Injury
- result from excessive heating of surrounding surface soil.
Usually common to seedlings growing in unshaded sandy or gravelly
soils. Lessions are formed on tender stems at surface soil and seedlings
bend over and soon wither and die. The control measures include:
shading of stock during summer, mulching these base of seedlings
and watering regularly.
Nursery Pest and Injuries
2. Physical Injuries
C. Chlorosis
- the yellowing of leaves of seedlings due to the loss of green
pigments of plant cells (chlorophyll). This is caused by inadequate supply
of nitrates or iron and light or heat. It can be corrected by the
application of adequate nitrogen or iron or exposing the plants to
sunlight or heat once in a while.

D. Insect Injury
- young seedlings are easy prey of a variety of insects. Insect
attack seedlings in many ways.

1. Ants- may injure or kill young trees through direct attack by nest-
making, mound building and sucking juices. The control measures
include: fumigation for nest making and mound building and poison baits
application for sucking juice ants.
Nursery Pest and Injuries
D. Insect Injury
2. Aphids
- or plant lice cause damage by clustering on leaves and new growth and
feeding on seedlings by sucking juices. The control measures include; introduction
of laybug beetle (biological) spraying with nicotine sulphate and soap solution
(chemical).

3. Cutworms
- is the larvae of night flying moth. They cause damage by cutting young
stems of young seedlings. It could controlled by spraying with chemicals
(insecticide)

4. Grasshoppers
- cause damage by eating foliage and bark of young seedlings. Using
poison baits may control their damage.
Nursery Pest and Injuries
D. Insect Injury
5. Root weevils
- the larvae feeds on small roots and adult feeds on foliage. Use of
mechanical barriers and crop rotation are the control measures.

6. White ants or termites

- cause damage by making tunnels in the soil near roots of seedlings,
thereby causing death of seedlings. Fumigations with D-D mixture, vapam and
formaldehyde will control their damage.
Provision for Pruning and Trimming of Seedlings
• It is not advisable to trim leaves of coniferous seedlings . It is only the roots
that should be trimmed if they have developed abnormal roots.
• Trimming should be done on seedlings when root and top not balance.
• When some roots have been severely injured or the primary root is too long,
trimming is necessary.
• When there is abnormally developed side branches and more than one leader
or stem, trimming is required.
Plantation Establishment
• Is an artificial method of establishing or restocking a forest in a bare land or
inadequately stock forest with commercial specie. This process could be
attained either by the use of seedlings or seeds, depending upon the condition
of the various site factors of the planting area.
Extensive Planting Survey
 A preliminary extensive examination of the entire area is
desirable especially when dealing a large tract of land to
determine its general need and suitability for artificial
regeneration and whether conditions warrant the expense of
making and intensive planting survey.

 In this survey, the tract should be crossed at several different

places not more than a kilometer apart, should be taken to areas
naturally regenerated, desirability of regeneration as to species
and origin , and to show those on which planting will be easy as
contrasted with areas difficult to plant because of dense brush,
rooks or thin soil, adverse exposures or other reasons.
Plantation Establishment
The report in this survey includes:
1. Description of area, giving name, location, and approx., gross area.
2. Brief history of area with special reference to fires and cuttings, giving
reasons for its present condition
3. Apparent degree to which the area is restock naturally and desirability of
species being reproduced.
4. Probable length of time necessary for the area to restock naturally.
5. Apparent condition of site as to its ability to support stand
6. Recommendation for or against intensive surveys, giving supporting
reasons.
7. Additional information useful in determining procedures in future
planting surveys, such as determination of types used in designating
planting sites, the size, number and or organization of intensive of survey
crews, methods of surveys, estimated cost and probable duration.
Planting Materials
- Choose of planting materials in the establishment of a plantation is the chief
factor that could be considered to obtain success.

1. Origin of Planting Materials

A.) Complete planting materials- plant with both roots and shoots
a. Seed plants - plants grown direct from seed.
a.1 seedlings – grown from seed without transplanting
wild seedlings – grown from natural fallen seeds and
uncultivated soils
cultivated seedlings- grown from artificially sown seeds in a
cultivated soils.

a.2 Transplant – plants that have been reset one or more times
wild transplant – wild seedlings reset one or more times
cultivated transplant- cultivated seedlings reset one or more
times
Planting Materials
1. Origin of Planting Materials
b. Vegetative Plants
– plants grown from vegetative parts of the parent tree.
b.1. Rooted cuttings –sections of branches that have been rooted by
planting for a time in cultivated soil.
b.2. Layers – twigs that have become rooted while still attached to the
parent tree and are later detached.
b.3. Suckers – shoots that arise from adventitious buds on surface soil
of parent tree and are later detached.
B.) Incomplete Plating Materials – plant with either root or shoot present
but not both.
a. Unrooted shoot cuttings –part of branches of parent tree of
various sizes and ages.
b. Root cuttings – parts of root of parent tree of various sizes and
ages.
Planting Materials
2. Size and Age of Planting Stock
- the stock used in planting varies in height from a few centimeters to
several centimeters. Presently the choose of different sizes and age of planting
materials for plantation establishment has not been established. However, smaller
planting materials are advantageous and economical to use provided it can
withstand competition and planting disturbances.
- As a general rule, the suitability of the sized and age of planting stock
for a higher degree of successful regeneration depends primarily upon the species
and the site.

3. Source from planting materials is obtained

Planting stock may be obtained by:
a. growing them in the local nursery
b. collecting wild planting materials
c. purchasing nursery stock or wild seedlings
Advantages of Locally Grown Seedlings in the Nursery
a) Stock are available for use when desired.
b) Danger of deterioration through transport is eliminated.
c) Size and age of stock desired can be obtained with greater
assurance.
d) When grown in large scale the cost is usually less.
e) Great assurance that the stock are true to name (species).
f) Usually better adapted to climatic and soil conditions of planting
area.
g) Introduction of harmful insects and serious fungous is eliminated.
h) It can be better graded to fit particular requirements of each
planting site.
i) Conditions under which it grows are known.
Use of Wild Materials
 Wild stock of all species may be used but with varying degrees oaf
success. All species which form a deeply penetrating tap root with
few week lateral roots during early life should not be used as wild
stock in planting operations . The quality wild stock depends largely
upon the conditions under which the livestock developed. When
grown in existing forest it is likely to dwarfed with poorly developed
root system. When grown in open fields or along roadside it is
usually better developed and far more desirable for planting
purposes. During the collection of wild stock a planter should
personally supervised the gathering , discarding all inferior plants.
Spacing Methods
 Manner of distribution of plants over an area, may be either
irregular or regular.

Irregular Spacing
- no attempt is made to set seedlings in line in either direction.
- the chief advantage of this manner of spacing is that the best
places can be selected in which to set seedlings, is not attempt is
made to keep to definite lines. This method is usually preferable
when trees are planted for aesthetic purposes.
Regular Spacing
- this method made the seedlings in rows a uniform distance
part and at equal distance a row
Advantages of Regular Spacing
1. Seedlings being in row, blanks can be filled more easily and found
more quickly for cleaning and weeding.
2. Seedlings have more uniform growing space and as a result, the site
is more completely occupied.
3. Cultivation, where and when necessary , can be resorted to without
necessity of hand labor.
4. Early thinning can be done more easily and at a lower cost.
5. When mixed stands are desired , the required mixture can be more
readily attained.
Growth cycle
 In the first year, the ground is prepared usually by the combination of
burning, herbicide spraying, and/or cultivation and then saplings are
planted by human crew or by machine. The saplings are usually
obtained in bulk from industrial nurseries, which may specialize in
selective breeding in order to produce fast growing disease- and
pest-resistant strains.
 In the first few years until the canopy closes, the saplings are looked
after, and may be dusted or sprayed with fertilizers or pesticides until
established.
 After the canopy closes, with the tree crowns touching each other,
the plantation is becoming dense and crowded, and tree growth is
slowing due to competition. This stage is termed 'pole stage'. When
competition becomes too intense (for pine trees, when the live crown
is less than a third of the tree's total height), it is time to thin out the
section.
Growth cycle
• There are several methods for thinning, but where topography
permits, the most popular is 'row-thinning', where every third
or fourth or fifth row of trees is removed, usually with a
harvester. Many trees are removed, leaving regular clear lanes
through the section so that the remaining trees have room to
expand again. The removed trees are delimbed, forwarded to
the forest road, loaded onto trucks, and sent to a mill. A typical
pole stage plantation tree is 7–30 cm in diameter at breast
height (dbh). Such trees are sometimes not suitable for timber,
but are used as pulp for paper and particleboard, and as chips
for oriented strand board.
Growth cycle
 As the trees grow and become dense and crowded again, the
thinning process is repeated. Depending on growth rate and
species, trees at this age may be large enough for timber
milling; if not, they are again used as pulp and chips
 Around year 10-60 the plantation is now mature and (in
economic terms) is falling off the back side of its growth curve.
That is to say, it is passing the point of maximum wood growth
per hectare per year, and so is ready for the final harvest. All
remaining trees are felled, delimbed, and taken to be
processed.
 The ground is cleared, and the cycle is repeated.
Growth cycle
• Some plantation trees, such as pines and eucalyptus, can be at
high risk of fire damage because their leaf oils and resins are
flammable to the point of a tree being explosive under some
conditions[citation needed]. Conversely, an afflicted plantation
can in some cases be cleared of pest species cheaply through
the use of a prescribed burn, which kills all lesser plants but
does not significantly harm the mature trees
Planting Survey
 Essentially similar to a timber survey, the chief difference being
that the former deals with need, methods, and estimated cost of
replacing a stand of timber, whereas, the latter is concerned
with needs, methods, and cost of removing a stand.
 Represents an inventory of the planting or seeding needs of an
area. It also reveals , for each sub-division of the area to be
planted, the conditions, by knowledge of which amounts,
species and classes of stock required may be determined.
Planting Plan
 Based upon the survey, budgets available funds and allots the
planting of certain portions of the area to definite years. A
planting plan like a management plan orders in time and place
the planting work. It shows the subdivision to be planted by
years.
 It should include the ff:
- General description of the entire tract
- Climate -Detailed statement of needs
- Tabular summary -Planting schedule
- Planting crew - Camp sites
- Source of planting materials, labor, supplies, equipment and
means of transportation (cost/ budgetary)
- Recommendation - Appendix ( map, photos, materials)
Purpose of Planting Survey and Plans

 Just as timber survey and management plans are essential to

the systematic organization of a forest property to obtain
highest return under sustain yield, so are planting surveys and
planting plans essential to the systematic and orderly conduct
of artificial regeneration activities of a forest property.
Plantation Establishment
The report in this survey includes:
1. Description of area, giving name, location, and approx., gross area.
2. Brief history of area with special reference to fires and cuttings, giving
reasons for its present condition
3. Apparent degree to which the area is restock naturally and desirability of
species being reproduced.
4. Probable length of time necessary for the area to restock naturally.
5. Apparent condition of site as to its ability to support stand
6. Recommendation for or against intensive surveys, giving supporting
reasons.
7. Additional informations useful in determining procedures in future
planting surveys, such as determination of types used in designating
planting sites, the size, number and or organization of intensive of survey
crews, methods of surveys, estimated cost and probable duration.
Daghan Salamat…