Analog Circuits

Feedback Amplifiers, Power

Amplifiers and Oscillators
Unit 3
10 hrs
By : Swamy T N
Assistant Professor
ECE Department, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru
Mob: 9620216633
Email: swamyohm@[Link]
 Contents
• Feedback Amplifier: General feedback structure, Properties of
negative feedback, Basic feedback topologies, The series-shunt,
series-series, shunt-shunt and shunt-series amplifiers (Qualitative
analysis).
• Power Amplifiers: Introduction, Classification, Class A operation,
Transfer Characteristics, Signal Waveforms, Power Dissipation, Power
Conversion efficiency, Transformer Coupled Power Amplifiers, Class
B transformer coupled amplifier, Class B output stage, Transfer
Characteristics, Power Dissipation, Power Conversion efficiency,
Class AB – Operation, Output Resistance, Class C tuned Amplifier.
• Oscillators: FET based Phase shift oscillator, LC and Crystal
Oscillators

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 Introduction
• Physical systems incorporate some form of feedback
• HAROLD BLACK an electronic engineer(western
electric company) invented feedback amplifier in
1928.
• Concept of feedback are used not only in
engineering but also in the field of biological
systems
• Feedback can be either negative(degenerative) or
positive(regenerative)

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 Application of negative feedback
• Desensitize the gain
• Reduce nonlinear distortion
• Reduce the effect of noise
• Control the input and output impedance
• Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier

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 Desensitize the gain
• Make gain is less sensitive to the variation in
the value of circuit components
• Variation might be caused because of
temperature variations

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 Reduce non linear distortion
• Make the output proportional to the input

OR

• Make the gain constant, independent of signal

level

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 Reduce the effect of noise
• Reduce the external and internal signal
interference

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 Control the input and output impedance

• Input and output impedances can be

increased or decreased by selection of
appropriate feedback topology.

• Note
– Negative feedback causes amplification
– Positive feedback causes oscillations

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 General feedback structure

Mixer network Sampling network

Voltage  series Voltage shunt
Current  shunt Current  Series
xo  Axi
x f  xo
xi  xs  x f
xo A
Af  
T N Swamy, Assistant  AECE, [Link],
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• x represent either voltage or current signal
• The open loop amplifer has a gain A
• Thus output xo is related to the input xi by

• The output xo is fed to the load as well as to a

feedback network
• Feedback network produces a sample of output
represented by xf
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• The sample xf is related to xo by the feedback
factor β given by

• The feedback signal xf is subtracted from the

source signal xs, which is the input to the
complete feedback amplifier, to produce the
signal xi which is the input to the basic amplifier.

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• This subtraction makes the feedback negative

• Negative feedback reduces the signal that

appears at the input of the basic amplifier
• Forward transmission occurs entirely through
the feedback network
• Reverse transmission occurs entirely through
the feedback network
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• The gain of the feedback amplifier can be
obtained by combining above equation to get

• The quantity Aβ is called the loop gain

• The quantity (1+Aβ) is called amount of
feedback.
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• The expression for the feedback signal is given
by xf

• If Aβ >>1 then xf = xs
• Difference signal xi = 0
• Difference signal is called error signal
• This application is used in comparison circuit
or in mixer.
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 Properties of negative feedback
• The following are the important properties of
negative feedback
– Gain desensitivity
– Bandwidth extension
– Noise reduction
– Reduction in nonlinear distortion

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 Gain desensitivity
• 20% reduction in the gain of the basic
amplifier gave rise to only a 0.02% reduction
in the gain of the closed-loop amplifier.
• The sensitivity reduction property can be
analytically established as fallows
• Assume β is constant

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 Gain desensitivity
• Taking differentiation of both sides of
equation

• We get

• ……..(1)
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• We have …………..(2)

• Dividing equation (1)/(2)

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 Bandwidth extension
• Consider an amplifier whose high frequency
response is characterized by a single pole
• The gain of such amplifier is given by

• Where Am denotes midband gain

• ωH is the upper 3-db frequency.

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Bandwidth extension

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Noise reduction

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T N Swamy, Assistant Professor, ECE, [Link],
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Reduction in non linear distortion

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 Four basic feedback topologies
• The four basic feedback topologies are
– Voltage amplifiers
– Current amplifiers
– Transconductance amplifiers
– Transresistance amplifiers

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Voltage amplifiers
• It amplify input voltage signal
and provide a output voltage
signal.
• The input impedance is high.
• The output impedance is low.
• Mixer connection is in series.
• Sampling connection is in
shunt connection.
• This is also called series-shunt
feedback.

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Current amplifier
• It is called shunt-series
feedback.
• Since at input parallel
connection and at
output series
connection.
• Input resistance is low
• Output resistance is
high

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Current amplifier example
• The reference direction
indicated for the feedback
current ‘If’ is such that it
subtracts from Is.
• let the current Is is
increased
• Gate voltage of Q1 is
increased.
• Thus drain current of Q1
will increase
Current amplifier example
• This causes the drain voltage of
Q1 and gate voltage of Q2 to
decrease.
• Thus drain current of Q2, Io will
decrease.
• Thus the source current of Q2
will decrease.
• From feedback network, if, Io
decreases. Then If will increase
• The increase in If will subtract
from Is , causing a small
increment to be seen by
amplifier(hence –ve feedback)
Transconductance amplifier
• The input signal is voltage
• The output signal is
current.
• It is a voltage mixing
current sampling topology.
• At input and output there
is a series connection.
• Thus series-series
feedback

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Transconductance amplifier example
• The emitter current of
Q3 is sampled.
Transresistance amplifier
• Here input signal is
current and the output
signal is voltage.
• Topology is current
mixing voltage-sampling
• Parallel connection exist
at both input and output.
• Thus is called shunt-shunt
feedback.

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The series-shunt feedback amplifier-
• The ideal structure of
series-shunt feedback
amplifier is shown.
• It consists of open-loop
amplifier(the A circuit)
and ideal voltage mixing
voltage sampling
feedback network
(β circuit)

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The series-shunt feedback amplifier-The ideal
situation
• the A circuit has an input
resistane Ri, voltage gain
A, and an output
resistance Ro
• The closed loop voltage
gain is given by

• Where Aβ is called loop

gain.
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The series-shunt feedback amplifier-
• The equivalent circuit
model is shown here
• Rif and Rof denote the
input and output
resistance with
feedback.
• The relationship btw Rif
and Ri is established by

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The series-shunt feedback amplifier-
• Note
– negative feedback
increases the input
resistance by a factor
equal to the amount of
feedback.
• The general form of
input impedance is
given by

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The series-shunt feedback amplifier-
to find output resistance
• To find output
resistance
– Reduce Vs = 0
– Apply test voltage Vt

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The series-shunt feedback amplifier-
to find output resistance

The general output impedence is given by

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The series-series feedback amplifier

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The series-series feedback amplifier to find
output impedance

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Shunt-shunt feedback config(transresistance)

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Shunt series(current amplifiers)

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Power amplifier

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 Power amplifier
• Many times, we are not able to hear the voice
coming out of the loudspeaker. It mainly
happens when there is a large gathering.
• That means the voice coming out of
loudspeakers is not audible to a big area. For
this purpose, we need to raise the strength of
the signal.

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Power amplifier

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classification

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 Classification
parameter Class A Class B Class AB Class C
Angle of 360 180 More than 180 Less than 180
conduction and less than
(degrees) 360
Efficiency(%) 25 to 50 78.5 78.5 95
Position of Center of load On x axis Just above x Below x axis
operating point line axis
distortion No distortion More than A Less distortion More distortion
and AB less than B and C
than C But more than
A
application Outdoor Audio amplifier RF amplifier Audio power
musical system amplifier

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Classification of output stages

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Frequency range

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 Class A output stage

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Signal waveform

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Power dissipation

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 Power conversion efficiency

The maximum efficiency attainable is 25%

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Transformer coupled class A power amplifiers

• RC coupled amplifiers
had lower efficiency
• To improve efficiency
transformer is coupled
• Resistors R1 and R2
used for biasing.

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Transformer coupled class A power amplifiers

• The impedance
matching is

• The effective load

resistance is

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Transformer coupled class A power amplifiers
characteristics

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Transformer coupled class A power amplifiers
efficiency

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Class B Transformer coupled amplifier
• Also called as push pull amplifier.
• Operating point is located in cut-
off region.
• Conducts only for 180 degree.
• More efficient than class A
amplifiers.
• Used in RF transmitter circuits.
• Biased in such a way that in the
absence of RF signal both
transistors remain in cutoff region
.
• At bias condition dissipate
negligible power.

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Class B Transformer coupled amplifier

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Class B output stage

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Class B output stage power conversion
efficiency

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Class B output stage power dissipation

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Class B output stage power dissipation

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CLASS AB OUTPUT STAGE
• The bias voltage VBB is
applied between the
bases of TR1 and TR2,
• For input voltage = 0V
and output =0v, and a
voltage VBB/2 or Vbias
appears across the
base-emitter junction of
each transistor.

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CLASS AB OUTPUT STAGE
• When input goes
positive by a certain
amount, the voltage at
the base of QN
increases by the same
amount and the output
becomes positive at an
almost equal value.
• Advantage: reduces
cross over distortion
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T N Swamy, Assistant Professor, ECE, [Link],
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CLASS AB OUTPUT STAGE TRANSFER
CHARACTERISIC

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CLASS AB OUTPUT STAGE output resistance

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Class C output stage

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 Class C output stage efficiency

Class C output stage efficiency is 90%

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RC phase shift oscillators

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 Hartley oscillator

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 Colpitts oscillator

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 Crystal oscillator

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 k yo u
Tha n

Any queries : contact at

swamyohm@[Link]

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