Structural Analysis – I

Unit VI

Plastic Analysis of Structures

By

Mrs. Manisha Sagar Surve

Also find Plastic Moment (Mp)
(λ)

Relationship between Load Factor

(λ), Factor of Safety ( F.o.S) and
Shape Factor (S)
λ = Collapse Load = Mp = σ[Link]
Working Load M σ.Z
(F.o.S) S = Zp
Z
λ = σy .S
σ
Factor of Safety = . σy .

0.667.σ

λ = F.o.S x S
 Principles of Plastic analysis
There are following conditions for plastic analysis
[Link] condition (Kinematical Condition)
[Link] condition ( Statical Condition)
[Link] moment condition (Yield Condition)

Mechanism condition:
It means that the sufficient number of plastic hinges transform the
structure into mechanism. When the ultimate load is reached collapse
mechanism usually formed.

Equilibrium condition:
ΣFx=0, ΣFy=0, ΣMxy=0
It means that the Bending Moment distribution is in equilibrium with the
collapse load.

Plastic moment condition:

The bending moment at any section in the structure should not be more
than the full plastic moment (moment at which plastic hinges form and
structure moves to failure) of the section.
 Mechanisms of
•
failure
A statically determinate beam will collapse if one
plastic hinge is developed

• Consider a simply supported beam with constant

cross section loaded with a point load P at midspan

• If P is increased until a plastic hinge is developed at the

point of maximum moment (just underneath P) an unstable
structure will be created.

• Any further increase in load will cause collapse

 • For a statically indeterminate beam to collapse, more than
one plastic hinge should be developed

• The plastic hinge will act as real hinge for further

increase of load (until sufficient plastic hinges are
developed for collapse.)

• As the load is increased, there is a redistribution of

moment, as the plastic hinge cannot carry any additional
moment.

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 Indeterminate beams
& frames: More than
plastic hinge
one
to develop
Fixed beam
mechanism
Plastic hinges develop at the ends
first

Beam becomes a simple beam

Plastic hinge develops at the

centre Beam collapses

 Indeterminate beam:
More than one
plastic
hinge to develop
mechanism
Propped cantilever

Plastic hinge develops at the fixed support

first Beam becomes a simple beam

Plastic hinge develops at the

centre Beam collapses

Panel mechanism/sway mechanism

W
Gable Mechanism
W

Composite (combined) Mechanism

- Combination of the
above
 Methods of Plastic
Analysis
• Static method or Equilibrium method
- Lower bound: A load computed on the basis of an
assumed equilibrium BM diagram in which the moments are not
greater than MP is always less than (or at the worst equal to) the
true ultimate load.

• Kinematic method or Mechanism method or Virtual work

method
- Work performed by the external loads is equated to the
internal work absorbed by plastic hinges

- Upper bound: A load computed on the basis of an assumed

mechanism is always greater than (or at the best equal to) the
true ultimate load.
• Collapse load (Wc): Minimum load at which
collapse will occur – Least value

• Fully plastic moment (MP): Maximum moment

capacity for design – Highest value
 Determination of collapse load

1. Simple
beam
Equilibrium
method:

M P  Wu .l
4
MP
M
4MP
W u
l
Virtual work
method: WE  W I

l
Wu ⎝⎜⎛ 2  ⎞  MP
.2⎟⎠
Wu
4MP
2 Wu  l
l
 
2
 4. Fixed beam with eccentric point
load
Wu
a b
Equilibrium:

2M P  W u ab
l
MP
2M P l
W u  ab
MP

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 5. Propped cantilever with point load at midspan

MM
M
CC2P
1
MPBP
1
 6. Propped cantilever with
UDL

wl Maximum positive
2 BM
8
x1

MP
MP
At
E collapse
x2
Required to locate E
 Problem 1: For the beam, determine the design plastic
moment capacity.
50 kN 75 kN

1.5 m 1.5 m

7.5 m

• Degree of Indeterminacy, N = 3 – 2 = 1
• No. of hinges, n = 3
• No. of independent mechanisms ,r = n - N
=2

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 50 kN 75 kN

1.5 m

50 kN 75 kN
1.5 m 4.5 m 1.5 m
 1

Mechanism 1
 + 1

1.5  1
1.5
 1  6
6 
⎛ 1.5 ⎟
⎞
50 1.5   75⎝⎜⎛1.5  6 ⎠⎟⎞  p ⎝    6  ⎠
1.5
⎜
M
 M p  45.83
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 50 75

1.5 m 4.5 m 1.5 m


1

 + 1 6  1.51
Mechanism 2

1.5
   6 1

⎜
⎛ 1.5 1⎞ p⎜
⎛ 1.5 1 1.5 1 ⎞
50 ⎝ 1.5  6  ⎠  751.5   M ⎝ 6
1   6   1
⎠
⎟ ⎟
 M p  87.5 kNm

Design plastic moment (Highest of the  87.5 kNm

above)
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Problem 2:A beam of span 6 m is to be designed for an ultimate UDL
of 25 kN/m. The beam is simply supported at the ends.
Design aI section using plastic theory, assuming y= 250
suitable
MPa.
25 kN/m

6m

• Degree of Indeterminacy, N = 2 – 2 = 0
• No. of hinges, n = 1
• No. of independent mechanisms, r = n-N = 1
25 kN/m Mechanism

 
2
3m 3m
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 Internal work WI  0  M p  2  0  2M p
done
External work
done WE  2  25 ⎜⎝ ⎛ 3  02 3 ⎞ 
225 ⎟
⎠
WI  WE  2M p  225  M p  112.5 kNm

MP 112.5 106
Plastic   4.5 105 mm3
ZP  250
modulus y
4.5 105
Section Z   3.913 10 5
mm 3

modulus Z  SP 1.15

Assuming shape factor S =

1.15

Adopt ISLB 275@330 N/m (from Steel Tables – SP 6)

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Problem 3: Find the collapse load for the frame
shown.

B A W A C
/2 /2
F

A Mp
/2
E
W/2
2Mp 2Mp

A
/2
D
A

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• Degree of Indeterminacy, N = 5 – 3 = 2

• No. of hinges, n = 5 (at A, B, C, E & F)

• No. of independent mechanisms ,r = n - N

=3
Beam Mechanisms for members AB &
B
• Panel
Mechanism

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Beam Mechanism for
AB
B Mp WI  2M p  2M p (2 )  M p 
7M p
A θ
/2
2 W
WE  A
E
2Mp 2 2
W/2

28M p
A WE  WI  Wc  A
/2


2Mp

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 Beam Mechanism for
BC W
B A F A C
 /2 /2 
A Mp Mp
Mp 
2

Mp

WI  M p  M p (2 )  M p 
4M p
A
WE  W 2

8M p
W W W  A
E I c

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 Panel Mechanism
WI  2M p  M p  M p  4M p

W
W A
Mp A A Mp WE  2 2
/2
F
/2 
 16M p
A  W W W 
E I c
A
/2 A
W/2 2

E

A /2

2Mp

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 Combined Mechanism
W
WI  2M p ( )  M p
A/ 2 A /2 Mp (2 )  M ( 
 A  p

 6Mp)
2
 2
A 
Mp
/2 A
W A
 W A  3 W A
W/2 2
E

W 
E
2 2 2 4
A
/2 8M p
2Mp WE  WI  Wc 
A

8M p
True Collapse Lowest of the above ,Wc 
Load, A
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Problem 4: A portal frame is loaded upto collapse. Find
the plastic moment capacity required if the frame is of
uniform section throughout.

10 kN/m
B C
25 kN
8m

Mp

4m Mp Mp

A D

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• Degree of Indeterminacy, N = 4 – 3 = 1

• No. of possible plastic hinges, n = 3

(at B, C and between
B&C)

• No. of independent mechanisms ,r = n - N =2

• Beam Mechanism for BC

• Panel Mechanism

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 10 kN/m
Beam Mechanism for B
C
BC  
Mp 4 Mp

2
WE  2 10 ⎜⎝⎛ 4  0 2 4 ⎞  Mp

160 ⎟
⎠

WI  M p   2     4M
p 

 M p  40 kNm

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 25 kN
Panel Mechanism 4
Mp Mp

 

WE  WI

 M p      25 
4

 M p  50 kNm

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Combined Mechanism 10kN/m
4 x 8 1
25kN
  x x Mp
  + 1
Mp

It is required to locate the
plastic hinge between B & 4m
C
Assume plastic hinge
is formed at x from B

x  8  x 1

⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 8  x 1
WE  25   10x ⎜ 10 8 x  ⎜
4  ⎝ 2  ⎞⎝  2 ⎠
⎟
⎠  ⎟
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 5 5  2x 8  x
W W M 
E I p
4

For maximum, dM P
0
dx

 x  2.75 m
55  2x  8  x
M   68.91 kNm
p
4
Design plastic moment of resistance,largest of the above, M p  68.91
kNm

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Problem 5: Determine the Collapse load of the continuous
beam.
P
A A/ B P A/ C
D E
2 A A2
A collapse can happen in two SI  4  2 
ways: 2
1. Due to hinges developing at A, B and D

2. Due to hinges developing at B and E

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Equilibrium:

Hinges at A, B and D
Mp
Mp Mp
Mp
Pu E
Pu
A4 A4

P uA p  Mp P 
4  M u
8M p
A
Moment at E is greater than [Link] this mechanism
is not possible.

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 Hinges at B and
E
Mp
Mp
Mp
Pu
Pu
A4 A4

Mp
PuA 6M p
 M 2 P  A
p u
4

True Collapse 6M p
Pu  A
Load,
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 Virtual work: P P
A B C
A/ D E A/
2 A 2 A
SI  4  2 
  2
2

 
Hinges at A, B and D
2
8M p
Pu ⎛⎝⎜ 2 ⎞  M p   2    
A u
A Hinges at B and
⎟ P E
⎠ 6M p
Pu ⎛⎝⎜ 2 ⎞  M p   2  Pu 
A
A
⎟
⎠ 
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 Problem 6: For the cantilever, determine the collapse
load.
W

A L/2
L/2
C
2 Mp B Mp

• Degree of Indeterminacy, N = 0

• No. of possible plastic hinges, n = 2 (at

A&B)

• No. of independent mechanisms ,r = n - N

=2
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 Wu
L/2 L/2
 Mechanism 1
L/2
Mp

L 2M p
Wu  Mp Wu 
2 L
Wu
L

L Mechanism 2
2Mp

2M p
Wu  L  2M Wu 
L
p  2M p
TrueCollapse Load, Lowest of the above ,Wc 
L
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Problem 7: A beam of rectangular section b x d is subjected to
a bending moment of 0.9 Mp. Find out the depth of elastic
core.
y
Let the elastic core be of depth 2y0
External bending moment must 2 y0
be resisted by the internal
couple.
Distance of CG from
NA, y
1 ⎛d ⎞⎤ y
b ⎜⎝⎛  y 0⎠⎞⎟  ⎢⎡ y0
d y  by0 2 0
⎣ ⎝
⎜ 0⎟
⎠ ⎥ 2 3y 2 2
2 2 2 3d  4
y   y y 
d ⎦
b ⎜⎝⎛  y 0 ⎠⎟⎞  0
2 y0 12d  y0 
2
byy
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 Internal couple (moment of
resistance)
⎞ y 3d 2  4 y 2
 2 ⎨
⎧b ⎜
⎛  y0 
⎟ y  by0 0

d 2 ⎬
⎫2 ⎭
⎩ ⎝ 12d  y0
3d 2⎠ 4 y
2 0 12 b y 
bd 2
External bending 0.9M p  0.9  Zp y  0.9  
moment = 4
3d 2  4 y y2 bd
Equating the above,
2 0
b  0.9 
y
12 y 4
 y0  0.274d

Hence, depth of elastic  2 y0  0.548d

core
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 Summary

Plastic Theory

• Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-

shape factor-redistribution of moments-collapse mechanism-

• Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem;

Kinematic/upper bound theorem-Plastic analysis of beams
and portal frames by equilibrium and mechanism methods.

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