Edited by: Eng.

Javier Daza

Source: https://www.google.com.co/search?q=10+technology+trends+for+2018+by+gartner&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-usbDhZLZAhVHzlkKHbWxDf4Q_AUICigB&biw=1536&bih=779#imgrc=3gVAad-KLp5ueM://
 CONTENTS

1. Great technological innovations at the CES 2019-

2020

2. Technological Trends for 2019 - 2020 according to

Gartner

3. Computer Networks History

1. Great technological innovations at the CES 2019

CES 2019 - 2020 Las Vegas (Jan)

Everything we saw, from 8K TVs
to amazing fake burgers

2019 2020
2. Technological Trends for 2019 according to Gartner

ORLANDO, Fla., October

Gartner Identifies the Top 10 Strategic
Technology Trends for 2019 - 2020

Gartner's Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2019 - 2020

2019 2020
Prepared by: Eng. Javier Daza
What is a Communication Network?

A communications network is a network of

links and nodes arranged so that messages
may be passed from one part of the network
Networks to another
are key for:
• What• are nodes and links?
Speed
– People and roads
•Distance
– Telephones and switches
– Computers and routers
• What is a message?
– Information

Time Line: https://www.computerhope.com/history/network.ht

m 40
 Networks are Old
• 2400 BC: courier networks in Egypt
.

• 550 BC: postal service invented in

Persia

Problems:
•Speed
•Reliability
•Security
 Submarine Cables + The Telegraph
• 1850 – first submarine cables laid
• …by 1900 the first global communications
network!

Submarine cables 1895

 Towards Electric Communication
• 1837: Telegraph invented by Samuel Morse
– Distance: 10 miles
– Speed: 10 words per minute
Higher compression
= faster speeds
– In use until 1985!
• Key challenge: how to encode information?
– Originally used unary encoding
A• B •• C ••• D •••• E •••••
– Next generation: binary encoding
A •– B –••• C –•–• D –•• E•

44
 Telephony
• 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
• Advantages
Key challenge: how to scale the network?
•Easy to useall phones were directly connected
– Originally,
• O(n2) complexity; n*(n–1)/2
•Switching mitigates complexity
– 1878: Switching
•Makes
– cable management tractable
1937: Trunk lines + multiplexing
Problems
•Manual switching
•1918: cross country call took 15 minutes to
set up
45
Growth of the Telephone Network

• 1881: Twisted pair for local loops

• 1885: AT&T formed
• 1892: Automatic telephone switches
• 1903: 3 million telephones in the US
• 1915: First transcontinental cable
• 1927: First transatlantic cable
• 1937: first round-the-world call
• 1946: National numbering plan

46
 Crazy idea: Packet switching
• Telephone networks are circuit switched
– Each call reserves resources end-to-end
– Provides excellent quality of service
• Problems
– Resource intense (what if the circuit is idle?)
– Complex network components (per circuit state,
security)
• Packet switching
– No connection state, network is store-and-forward
– Minimal network assumptions
– Statistical multiplexing gives high overall utilization

47
The World’s Most Successful Computer Science
Research Project

48
 History of the Internet
• 1961: Kleinrock @ MIT: packet-switched network
• 1962: Licklider’s vision of Galactic Network
• 1965: Roberts connects computers over phone
line
• 1967: Roberts publishes vision of ARPANET
• 1969: BBN installs first
InterfaceMsgProcessor at UCLA
• 1970: Network Control Program (NCP)
• 1972: Public demonstration of ARPANET
• 1972: Kahn @ DARPA advocates
Open Architecture
• 1972: Vint Cerf @ Stanford writes TCP
49
The 1960s

51
1971

52
 1973

Satellite Link to Hawaii

First international connections
(London + Norway)

53
 Growing Pains

• Problem: early networks used

incompatible protocols

54
 Kahn’s Ground Rules
1.Each network is independent, cannot be forced to change
– A network of networks
– Each running their own set of protocols
2.Best-effort communication (i.e. no guarantees)
3.Boxes (routers/gateways) connect networks
– Boxes that do not maintain state  keep them simple!
4.No global control

• Principles behind the development of IP

• Led to the Internet as we know it
• Internet is still structured as independent networks

55
The Birth of Routing

Trivia
•Kahn believed that there
would only be ~20 networks.
•He was way off.
•Why?

56
2000
2006
58
2020
 More Internet History
• 1974: Cerf and Kahn paper on TCP (IP kept separate)
• 1980: TCP/IP adopted as defense standard
• 1983: ARPANET and MILNET split
• 1983: Global NCP to TCP/IP flag day
• 198x: Internet melts down due to congestion
• What is next?
1986: Van Jacobson saves the Internet (BSD TCP)
• 1987: NSFNET merges with other networks
• 1988: Deering and Cheriton propose multicast
• 1994: NSF backbone dismantled, private backbone
• 1999-present: The Internet boom and bust … and boom
• 2007: Release of iPhone, rise of Mobile Internet

60
Internet Applications Over Time
• 1972: Email
• 1973: Telnet – remote access to computing
• 1982: DNS – “phonebook” of the Internet
• 1985: FTP – remote file access
• 1989: NFS – remote file systems
• 1991: The World Wide Web (WWW) goes public
• 1995: SSH – secure remote shell access
• 1995-1997: Instant messaging (ICQ, AIM)
• 1998: Google
• 1999: Napster, birth of P2P
• 2001: Bittorrent
• 2004: Facebook What is next?
• 2005: YouTube
• 2007: The iPhone 61
 Takeaways
• Communication is fundamental to human nature
• Key concepts have existed for a long time
– Speed/bandwidth  Encoding
– Latency  Cable management
– Switching
 Multiplexing
– Packets vs. circuits
• The Internet has changed the world  Routing
– Promise of free ($) and free (freedom) communication
– Shrunk the world
• What made the Internet so successful? Stay tuned!

62
Computer Networks
Introduction to
Networking

Prepared by: Eng. Javier Daza

 Introduction to Networking
• Computers have become essential
in almost every aspect of live.
• Computers are processors of
information.
 Process large amounts of
information at incredible speeds,
accurately, and consistently.
 Their processing speed is their
major advantage over humans.
 Examples
• What are some of the many computer
interactions you have had today?
 Examples
• What are some of the many computer interactions
you have had today?
– Car -- Credit Card
– Microwave -- Cash register
– VCR/DVD -- Telephone, cell phone
– Camera -- Store scanner
– ATM -- Internet of Things
– Robotics -- Inmotics
– Smart things -- Domotics. Etc….
 History of the Computer
• First computers were
installed in the late 1950’s
and early 1960’s.
 They often overheated and
became inoperable for many
hours.
• 1970’s - Invention of the
silicon chip.
 Computers are now much
smaller, more powerful, and
less expensive.
 Computer Predictions
• 1949 – “Computers in the future will weigh no less
than 1.5 tons” (Popular Mechanics).
• 1943 – “I think there is a world market for maybe 5
computers” (Thomas Watson, Chairman IBM).
• 1977 – “There is no reason anyone would want a
computer in their home” (K. Olson, founder of Digital
Equipment Corp).
• 1981 – “640K ought to be enough for anybody” (Bill
Gates).
Computers Can Be Frustrating

• Not always user-friendly, don’t

know how to use them.
• Steep learning curve; always
changing.
• Down time – when they aren’t
working it seems impossible to
get our work done.
• Put information in and can’t get
it back out.
• Expense, upkeep, and
maintenance.
 Contingency Plans
• Whenever humans depend on
machines, contingency plans need
to be made just in case the
machine stops functioning.
• Computer downtime may be
scheduled or unexpected.
 Computers Can Be Our Friends

• They can make our jobs simpler. – Paperless records (pharmacy, lab
Examples: results, radiology)
– Data analysis – Information at our fingertips
– Presentation of information (electronic medical records)
– Internet – Email systems
– Databases – Off site/telemedicine
– Appointment scheduling – Payroll, employee info
(coordinate multiple appts, – Communication
auto reminders) – Create documents (word
– Patient monitoring processing, spreadsheets)
– Medical claims
 Communication

• Email (Electronic Mail)

 A means of creating and sending
messages from one computer to
another using a system of networks.
 Now a standard professional
communication tool.
 Can attach documents and files.
 It is essential that email messages be
clear and accurate.
 Keep messages brief and to the
point.
 No personal email correspondence -
employers have the right to read and
monitor any messages sent through
their computers.
 Fax Machines

• Actually invented in 1843, Alexander

Bain.
• Connects to a normal phone line and
allows you to transmit pieces of paper
to someone else instantly.
• Image sensors look for black or white
in a single line of the document,
translates those into “bits” which travel
through the phone line and arrive at a
receiving fax machine. Bits are
decoded and reassembled into the
scanned lines of the original document.
 Telemedicine

• Medicine is practiced over telephone lines.

• Images, such as x-rays can be transmitted.
• Benefits:
 Allows patient access to specialists located far
away.
 Communicate vital signs from home to a
facility.
 Perform physical exams from a distance.
 Link physicians to emergency medical workers
in the field.
• Problem: Most state licensing laws do not
allow physicians to give medical advice via
telephone to patients in other states.
 Technology is advancing more quickly than
society.
 Virtual Communities
• Individuals who use the Internet
to communicate and share
information.
• Discussion groups and methods
for exchanging information can
be very valuable.
• Health care workers and patients
can share information and
experiences about specific health
conditions.
• Examples:
 Chat rooms – correspond in real
time.
 Listserves – receiving a
newsletter/info on specific topics.
 The Internet
• Began as a method for
government authorities to
communicate in case of a
nuclear attack.
• Has rapidly grown to become a
principal means of
communicating, conducting
business, shopping, learning,
and securing needed
information.
 The Internet 1

• A WAN internetwork
• Millions of machines worldwide
• The World Wide Web (WWW)
Question for
Class:
What is Telematics?
 Telematics

• Telematics is a term that

combines the words
telecommunications and
informatics to broadly
describe the integrated use of
communications and
information technology to
transmit, store and receive
information from
telecommunications devices
to remote objects over a
network.
 Objectives
• Describe the basic components of a network
• Explain the methods of data transmission, including types of
signals, modulation, and choices among transmission modes
• Differentiate among the various kinds of communications links
and appreciate the need for protocols
• Describe various network configurations
• List the components, types, and protocols of a local area
network
• Appreciate the complexity of networking
• Describe some examples of networking
 Contents
• Data Communications
• Network
• Data Transmission
• Communications Media
• Network Topology
• Local Area Network
• Wide Area Network
• Organization of Resources
• Protocol
• Software
• Communication
Applications
Data Communications
Send and receive
information over
communications lines
Centralized Data Processing

• All processing, hardware,

software in one central
location
• Inefficient
• Inconvenient
Distributed Data Processing
• Computers at a distance from
central computer
• Can do some processing on
their own
• Can access the central
computer
Distributed Data Processing
Question for Class:
What is a Network?
 Network
A network consists of 2 or more computers
connected together, and they can communicate
and share resources (e.g. information)
 Network
• Uses communication
equipment to connect
two or more computers
and their resources
• PC based
• LAN – shares data and
resources among users
in close proximity
• WAN – shares data
among users who are
geographically distant
 Basic Components

Sending device
Communications link
Receiving device
 Network Design
• Transmission
• Media
• Topology – Physical layout of components
• Protocol – Rules governing communication
• Distance
– PAN
– MAN
– LAN
– WAN
• Technology
– Peer-to-peer
– File server
– Client/server
 Data Transmission
• Digital lines
– Sends data as distinct pulses
– Need digital line
• Analog lines
– Sends a continuous electrical signal in the
form of a wave
– Conversion from digital to analog needed
– Telephone lines, coaxial cables, microwave
circuits
 Analog Transmission
Alter the carrier wave
• Amplitude – height of the wave is
increased to represent 1
• Frequency – number of times wave
repeats during a specific time
interval can be increased to
represent a 1
 Modem
• Modulate
– Convert from digital to analog
• Demodulate
– Convert from analog to digital
• Speeds up to 56,000 bps (56K)
 Modem

Transmission process
• Modulation – Computer
digital signals converted
to analog
• Sent over analog phone
line
• Demodulation –
Analog signal converted
back to digital
 Types of Modems

• Direct-connect
– External
– Internal
• PCMCIA
– Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association
– Notebook and laptop computers
 DSL
Digital Subscriber
Line
• Uses conventional telephone lines
• Uses multiple frequencies to simulate many
modems transmitting at once
• No industry standard
– Cost
– Speed
• Phone line shared between computer and voice
 Cable Modem

• Coaxial cables
• Does not interfere with cable TV
reception
• Up to 10 million bps
• Always on
• Shared capacity
• Security problem
 Cellular Modems

• Uses cellular telephone system

• Slow speed
 ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network

• Digital transmission
• Speeds of 128,000 bps
• Connect and talk at same time
• Need
– Adapter
– Upgraded phone service
• Initial costs high
• Ongoing monthly fees may be high
• Not available in all areas
 Transmission
Asynchronous and Synchronous

Sending and receiving

devices must work together to
communicate
Asynchronous Transmission

• Start/stop transmission
– Start signal
– Group – generally one
character
– Stop signal
• Low-speed communications
Synchronous Transmission

• Blocks of data transmitted at a time

– Send bit pattern
– Align internal clock of sending / receiving
devices
– Send data
– Send error-check bits
• More complex
• More expensive
• Faster transmission
 Duplex Setting
• Direction of data flow
• Simplex
– One direction
– Television broadcasting
– Arrival/departure screens at airport
• Half-duplex
– Either direction, but one way at a time
– CB radio
– Bank deposit sent, confirmation received
• Full-duplex
– Both directions at once
– Telephone conversation
Communications Media

• Physical means of transmission

• Bandwidth
– Range of frequencies that the
medium can carry
– Measure of capacity
 Network Cable

• Twisted pair
• Coaxial cable
• Fiber optic cable
• Wireless
– Uses infrared or low-power radio wave
transmissions
– No cables
– Easy to set up and reconfigure
– Slower transmission rates
– Small distance between nodes
Twisted Pair Wire Pair
• Inexpensive
• Susceptible to electrical interference (noise)
• Telephone systems
• Physical characteristics
– Requires two conductors
– Twisted around each other to reduce electrical interference
– Plastic sheath
• Shielded twisted pair
– Metallic protective sheath
– Reduces noise
– Increases speed
 Coaxial Cable

• Higher bandwidth
• Less susceptible to noise
• Used in cable TC systems
• Physical characteristics
– Center conductor wire
– Surrounded by a layer of insulation
– Surrounded by a braided outer conductor
– Encased in a protective sheath
 Fiber Optics
• Transmits using light
• Higher bandwidth
• Less expensive
• Immune to electrical noise
• More secure – easy to notice an attempt to
intercept signal
• Physical characterizes
– Glass or plastic fibers
– Very thin
(thinner than human hair)
– Material is light
 Microwave Transmission
• Line-of-site
• High speed
• Cost effective
• Easy to implement
• Weather can cause interference
• Physical characteristics
– Data signals sent through
atmosphere
– Signals cannot bend of follow
curvature of earth
– Relay stations required
 Satellite Transmission

• Microwave transmission with a satellite

acting as a relay
• Long distance
• Components
– Earth stations – send and receive
signals
– Transponder – satellite
• Receives signal from earth station
(uplink)
• Amplifies signal
• Changes the frequency
• Retransmits the data to a receiving
earth station (downlink)
Satellite Transmission
 Combination
Example – East and West coast:
• Request made
– Twisted pair in the phone lines on the East Coast
– Microwave and satellite transmission across the
country
– Twisted pair in the phone lines on the West coast
• Data transferred
– Twisted pair in the phone lines on the West
Coast
– Microwave and satellite transmission across the
country
– Twisted pair in the phone lines on the East coast
Network Topology

• Physical layout
– Star
– Ring
– Bus
• Node – any device
connected to the network
– Server
– Computer
– Printer
– Other peripheral
 Star
• A configuration that centers
around one node to which all
others are connected and
through which all messages
are sent
• Central hub
• All messages routed through
hub
• Hub prevents collisions
• Node failure – no effect on
overall network
• Hub failure – network fails
 Ring
• A configuration that connects all
nodes in a closed loop on which
messages travel in one direction
• Travel around circular connection in
one direction
• Node looks at data as it passes
– Addressed to me?
– Pass it on if not my address
• No danger from collisions
• Node failure – network fails
 Bus
• All nodes are connected to
a single communication line
that carries messages in
both directions
• Single pathway
• All nodes attached to single
line
• Collisions result in re-send
• Node failure – no effect on
overall network
 LAN - Local Area Network

Components
PCs
Network cable
NIC

Connections over short distances

through communications media
 NIC

Network Interface Card

• Connects computer to the wiring

in the network
• Circuitry to handle
– Sending
– Receiving
– Error checking
 Connecting LANs
• Bridge – connects networks with similar
protocols
• Router – directs traffic via best path
• IP switches
– Replacing routers
– Less expensive
– Faster
• Gateway
– Connects LANs with dissimilar protocols
– Performs protocol conversion
 WAN
Wide Area Network

Link computers in
geographically
distant locations
 Communication Services
• Common carriers licensed by FCC (Federal
Communications Commission)
• Switched / dial-up service
– Temporary connection between 2 points
– Ex: plain old telephone service (POTS)
• Dedicated service
– Permanent connection between 2 or more
locations
– Ex: Build own circuits, Lease circuits (leased
lines)
High Capacity Digital Lines
• T1
– 1.54 Mbps
– 24 simultaneous voice
connections
• T3
– 28 T1 lines
– 43 Mbps
• Expensive
• High-volume traffic
 Multiplexer
• Combines data streams from slow-speed
devices into single data stream
• Transmits over high-speed circuit (ex T1)
• Multiplexer on receiving end needed to restore
to component data streams
 Organization of Resources

Client/Server and File Server

Server Clients
Controls the network Other computers on network
Hard disk holding shared Thin client – no processing
files
Organization of Resources
Client/Server and File Server
 Organization of Resources

File Server

Server transmits file to client

Client does own processing
 Organization of Resources

Client/Server

• How it works
– Client sends request for service to server
– Server fulfills request and send results to client
– Client and server may share processing
• Benefits
– Reduces volume of data traffic
– Allows faster response for each client
– Nodes can be less expensive computers
 Organization of Resources

Peer-to-Peer

• All computers have equal status

• Share data and devices as needed
• Common with up to 12 computers
• Disadvantage – slow transmission
 Organization of Resources

Hybrid

Contains elements of various

organizations to optimize transmission
speed and organizational needs
 Protocol

• Set of rules governing the exchange of data

• Assists with coordination of communications
• Was message received properly
• TCP/IP
– Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
– Internet standard
– All computers in world speak same language
Protocol
 Ethernet

CSMA/CD
• Dominant Carrier sense multiple access with
protocol collision detection
• Bus or star – Tries to avoid 2 or more computers
communicating at the same time
topology
– Computer listens and transmits when
• Uses cable is not in use
CSMA/CD – Collision results in waiting a random
period and transmitting again
– Performance degrades with multiple
collisions
 Token Ring
• Ring topology
• No danger from collisions
• Token passing
– Token has an address
– Node looks at token as it passes
• Addressed to me? Retrieve data
• Pass it on if not my address
– Send
• Empty token? Attach message
• Pass it on if not empty
File Transfer Software

Download
Receive a file from another
computer

Upload
Send a file to another
computer
Terminal Emulation Software

PC imitates a terminal for

communication to mainframe
Micro-to-mainframe link
 Office Automation

Communication Applications

• E-mail • Electronic fund

• Facsimile (Fax) transfers
• Groupware • Telecommuting
• Teleconferencing • Online services
• Video • The Internet
conferencing • Electronic data
• ATM interchange (EDI)
Sources of Statistical Information
URLs are underneath!
• Netsizer.com – from Telcordia
• CAIDA - Cooperative Association for Internet Data
Analysis
• Network Wizards Internet Domain Survey
• RIPE Internet Statistics
• Matrix Information and Directory Services
• Growth of the World Wide Web
• The Netcraft Web Server Survey
• Internet Surveys
• The Internet Society
Comments & Questions

Thank you!