The Integral
chapter 5
• The Indefinite Integral
• Substitution
• The Definite Integral As a Sum
• The Definite Integral As Area
• The Definite Integral: The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
Antiderivative
An antiderivative of a function f is a
function F such that
F f
Ex. An antiderivative of f ( x) 6 x
is F ( x) 3x 2 2
since F ( x) f ( x ).
Indefinite Integral
The expression:
f ( x)dx
read “the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,”
means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f.
f ( x)dx x is called the variable
of integration
Integral sign Integrand
Constant of Integration
Every antiderivative F of f must be of
the form F(x) = G(x) + C, where C is a
constant.
6 xdx 3x
2
Notice C
Represents every possible
antiderivative of 6x.
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral, Part I
n 1
x
n
x dx C if n 1
n 1
4
x
3
Ex. x dx C
4
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral, Part II
1
1
x dx dx ln x C
x
Indefinite Integral of ex and bx
e dx e C
x x
x
b
x
b dx C
ln b
Sum and Difference Rules
f g dx fdx gdx 3 2
Ex. x x dx x dx xdx C
2 2 x x
3 2
Constant Multiple Rule
kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx (k constant)
4 4
x x
3 3
Ex. 2 x dx 2 x dx 2 C C
4 2
Integral Example/Different
Variable
Ex. Find the indefinite integral:
u 7
2
3e 2u 6 du
u
1
u 2
3 e du 7 du 2 u du 6du
u
u 2 3
3e 7 ln u u 6u C
3
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Derivative Form
If s = s(t) is the position function of an
object at time t, then
ds dv
Velocity = v = Acceleration = a =
dt dt
Integral Form
s (t ) v(t )dt v(t ) a(t )dt
Integration by Substitution
Method of integration related to chain
rule differentiation. If u is a function of
x, then we can use the formula
f
fdx du
du / dx
Integration by Substitution
3x x
9
2 3
Ex. Consider the integral: 5 dx
3 2
pick u x +5, then du 3 x dx
du
2
dx
3x
10
3
10 x 5
9 u
u du C C
10 10
Sub to get Integrate Back Substitute
dx
Ex. Evaluate x ln x 3
Let u ln x then xdu dx
dx
x ln x u
3
3
du
2
u
C
2
2
ln x
C
2
Shortcuts: Integrals of
Expressions Involving ax + b
Rule
n 1
ax b
ax b n 1
n
dx C
a (n 1)
1 1
ax b dx ln ax b C
a
1 ax b
e dx a e C
ax b
1 ax b
c dx a ln c c C
ax b
Riemann Sum
If f is a continuous function, then the left Riemann
sum with n equal subdivisions for f over the interval
[a, b] is defined to be
n 1
k 0
f xk x
f ( x0 )x f ( x1 )x ... f ( xn1 )x
f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) ... f ( xn 1 ) x
where a x0 x1 ... xn b are the
subdivisions and x (b a) / n.
Definition of a Definite
Integral
If f is a function defined on [a, b], the definite integral of f from a
to b is the number
n
lim
b
a
f ( x)dx
max xi 0 i 1
f ( xi* )xi
provided that this limit exists. If it does exist, we say that f is
integrable on [a, b].
upper limit of integration
b
Integration f x dx
Symbol a
variable of integration
lower limit of integration integrand (dummy variable)
Note that the integral does not depend on the choice of variable.
Approximating the Definite
Integral
Ex. Calculate the Riemann sum for the
2
0
2
integral x dx using n = 10.
n 1 9
1
k 0
f xk x
k 0
2
xk
5
(1/ 5) 2 (2 / 5) 2 ... (9 / 5) 2 (1/ 5)
2.28
The Definite Integral
b
a
f ( x)dx
is read “the integral, from a to b of f(x)dx.”
Also note that the variable x is a “dummy
variable.” b b
a
f ( x)dx
a
f (t )dt
Area Under a Graph
ba y f ( x)
Width: x
n
(n rect.)
a b
Idea: To find the exact area under the graph
of a function.
Method: Use an infinite number of rectangles
of equal width and compute their area with a
limit.
Approximating Area
Approximate the area under the graph of
f ( x) 2 x 2 on 0, 2
using n = 4.
A x f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x3 )
1 1 3
A f 0 f f 1 f
2 2 2
1 1 9 7
A 0 2
2 2 2 2
Area Under a Graph
y f ( x)
a b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area is
n 1
Area lim
n
k 0
f xk x
b
a f ( x)dx
Geometric
Interpretation
(All Functions)
y f ( x)
R1 R3
a R2 b
b
a
f ( x)dx Area of R1 – Area of R2 + Area of R3
Area Using Geometry
Ex. Use geometry to compute the integral
5
x 1 dx
1
Area =4
Area = 2 5
x 1 dx 4 2 2
1
Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b].
x
1. If A( x) f (t ) dt , then A( x) f ( x).
a
2. If F is any continuous antiderivative of
f and is defined on [a, b], then
b
a f ( x)dx F (b) F (a)
The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus
x
Ex. If A( x) t 5tdt , find A( x).
3 4
3 4
A ( x) x 5 x
Evaluating the Definite
Integral
5 1
Ex. Calculate 2 x 1 dx
1 x
1
5 5
1 2 x x 1 dx x ln x x 1
2
5 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1
2 2
28 ln 5 26.39056
Substitution for Definite
Integrals
Calculate 2 x x 3 dx
1 1/ 2
2
Ex. 0
let u x 2 3 x
du
then dx Notice limits change
2x
2x x 3x
1 1/ 2 4
2
dx u du 1/ 2
0 0
4
2 3/ 2 16
u
3 0 3
Computing Area
Ex. Find the area enclosed by the x-axis, the
vertical lines x = 0, x = 2 and the graph of
y 2x2.
2 Gives the area since 2x3 is
0 2x dx
3
nonnegative on [0, 2].
2 1 4 1 4 1 4
0 8
3
2 x dx x 2 0
2 0 2 2
Antiderivative Fund. Thm. of Calculus
Quiz
3
Find the area between the
pos. 2
x-axis and the curvey cos x
3 neg.
from x 0 to x . 2
2
3
0
2
cos x dx cos x dx
2 On the TI-89:
abs cos x , x, 0,3 / 2
2
/2 3 / 2
sin x 0 sin x / 2
3
3
sin sin 0 sin sin If you use the absolute
2 2 2
value function, you
1 0 1 1 3 don’t need to find the
roots.
Quiz
3
Find the area between the
pos. 2
x-axis and the curvey cos x
3 neg.
from x 0 to x . 2
2
3
0
2
cos x dx cos x dx
2 On the TI-89:
abs cos x , x, 0,3 / 2
2
/2 3 / 2
sin x 0 sin x / 2
3
3
sin sin 0 sin sin If you use the absolute
2 2 2
value function, you
1 0 1 1 3 don’t need to find the
roots.
