WORKING OF
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Location
Layers of heart
Actions Of Heart
• Chronotropic action
• Inotropic action
• Dromotropic action
• Bathmotropic action.
Cardiac Cycle
• The succession of (sequence of)
coordinated events taking place in the
heart during each beat.
• Heartbeat consists of two major periods -
systole and diastole
Events Of Cardiac Cycle
Events of cardiac cycle are classified into
two:
• Atrial events
• Ventricular events
.
DIVISIONS AND DURATION
Atrial events are divided into two divisions:
1. Atrial systole = 0.11 (0.1) sec
2. Atrial diastole = 0.69 (0.7) sec.
VENTRICULAR EVENTS
Ventricular events are divided into two divisions:
1. Ventricular systole = 0.27 (0.3) sec
2. Ventricular diastole = 0.53 (0.5) sec.
Atrial Events
Atrial Systole
• Also known as last rapid filling phase or
presystole.
• During this period, only a small amount,
i.e. 10% of blood is forced from atria into
ventricles
Pressure and Volume Change
Intraatrial pressure increases.
Intraventricular pressure and ventricular
volume also increase but slightly.
Fourth Heart Sound
Contraction of atrial musculature causes the
production of fourth heart sound.
Atrial diastole
• Atrial diastole lasts for about 0.7 sec
• Atrial filling takes place.
• Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
from all over then body through superior
and inferior venae cavae.
• Left atrium receives oxygenated blood
from lungs through pulmonary veins
Ventricular Events
Isometric Contraction Period
• the first phase of ventricular systole.
• It lasts for 0.05 second
• Immediately after atrial systole, the atrioventricular
valves are closed due to increase in ventricular
pressure. Semilunar valves are already closed.
• ventricles contract as closed cavities, in such a way
that there is no change in the volume of ventricular
chambers or in the length of muscle fibers.
• Only the tension increases in ventricular
musculature
• First heart sound is produced
Ejection Period
• Due to the opening of semilunar valves
and isotonic contraction of ventricles,
blood is ejected out of both the ventricles.
Hence, this period is called ejection
period.
• Duration – 0.22
Protodiastole
• The first stage of ventricular diastole.
• Duration of this period is 0.04 second.
• Due to the ejection of blood, the pressure
in aorta and pulmonary artery increases
and pressure in ventricles drops
• Closure of semilunar valves
• Second heart sound
• Isometric Relaxation Period
• During isometric relaxation period, once
again all thevalves of the heart are closed .
• Now, both the ventricles relax as closed
cavities without any change in volume or
length of the muscle fiber.
• Intraventricular pressure decreases during
this period.
• Duration of isometric relaxation period is
0.08 second.
• Results in the opening of atriovendricular
valves
Rapid Filling Phase
• When atrionventricular valves are opened,
there is a sudden rush of blood from atria
into ventricles.
• About 70% of filling takes place
• Third heart sound
• Slow Filling Phase
After the sudden rush of blood, the
ventricular filling becomes slow.
Now, it is called the slow filling. It is also
called diastasis.
About 20% of filling occurs in this phase.
Duration of slow filling phase is 0.19
second.
• Last Rapid Filling Phase
Last rapid filling phase occurs because of
atrial systole.
After slow filling period, the atria contract
and push a small amount of blood into
ventricles.
About 10% ofventricular filling takes place
during this period.
Conductive System In Human Heart
• Formed by the modified cardiac muscle
fibers.
• These fibers are the specialized cells,
which conduct the impulses rapidly from
SA node to the ventricles.
• also called the junctional tissues.
Components of Conductive System
• AV node
• Bundle of His
• Right and left bundle branches
• Purkinje fibers.
Heart rate
• Normal heart rate is 72/minute. It ranges
between 60 and 80 per minute.
Tachycardia
• Increase in heart rate above 100/minute.
Bradycardia
• Bradycardia is the decrease in heart rate
below 60/minute.
Regulation Of Heart Fuction
• Vasomotor center
• vasoconstictor fibers
• Vasodialator fibers
Vasomotor Center –
Cardiac Center
• The nervous center that regulates the heart
rate and blood pressure.
• It is also called the cardiac center.
• Situated in the reticular formation of
medulla oblongata and lower part of pons.
Areas of Vasomotor Center
Vasomotor center is formed by three areas:
1. Vasoconstrictor area
2. Vasodilator area
3. Sensory area.
Vasoconstrictor Area –Cardioaccelerator
Center
Situation
• Reticular formation of medulla in floor of IV
ventricle and it forms the lateral portion of
vasomotor center.
• Otherwise known as pressor area or
cardioaccelerator center.
.
Function
• Vasoconstrictor area sends impulses to blood
vessels through sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers.
• Stimulation of this area causes vasoconstriction and
rise in arterial blood pressure.
• This area is also concerned with acceleration of
heart rate
Control
Vasoconstrictor area is under the control of
hypothalamus and cerebral cortex
Vasodilator Area –Cardioinhibitory Center
Situation
• Reticular formation of medulla oblongata
in the floor of IV ventricle.
• It forms the medial portion of vasomotor
center.
• It is also called depressor area or
cardioinhibitory center.
Function
• Decreases the heart rate
• Suppresses the vasoconstrictor area which
results in dilatation of blood vessels.
Control
• Cerebral cortex and hypothalamus.
• It is also controlled by the impulses from
baroreceptors, chemoreceptors
Sensory Area
Situation
• Sensory area is in the posterior part of vasomotor
center, which lies in nucleus of tractus solitarius
in medulla and pons.
Function
• Sensory area receives sensory impulse via
glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve from
periphery,particularly, from the baroreceptors.
• This area controls the vasoconstrictor and
vasodilator areas.
Vasoconstrictor Fibers
• Belong to the sympathetic division of
autonomic nervous system.
• These fibers cause vasoconstriction by the
release of neurotransmitter substance,
noradrenaline
• Noradrenaline acts through alpha
receptors of smooth muscle fibers in
bloodvessels.
Vasodilator Fibers
Vasodilator fibers are of two types:
i. Parasympathetic vasodilator fibers
ii. Sympathetic vasodilator fibers
Parasympathetic Vasodilator Fibers
• Parasympathetic vasodilator fibers cause
dilatation of blood vessels by releasing
acetylcholine
Sympathetic Vasodilator Fibers
• Some of the sympathetic fibers cause
vasodilatation in certain areas, by secreting
acetylcholine. Such fibers are called
sympathetic vasodilator or sympathetic
cholinergic fibers.
• Sympathetic cholinergic fibers,which supply the
blood vessels of skeletal muscles, are important
in increasing the blood flow to muscles by
vasodilatation, during conditions like exercise
Factors Affecting Vasomotor
Center –
Impulses From Higher Centers
Cerebral Cortex
• Area 13 in cerebral cortex is concerned
with emotional reactions of the body.
During emotional
condition
Inhibitory signals to
vasodialator area
Reduction in vagal
tone
Increase heart rate
Hypothalamus
• Influences the heart rate via vasomotor
center.
• Stimulation of posterior and lateral
hypothalamic nuclei causes tachycardia.
• Stimulation of preoptic and anterior nuclei
causes bradycardia.
Impulses From Respiratory Centers
• In forced breathing, heart rate increases during
inspiration and decreases during expiration.
Thisvariation is called respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
• Sinus arrhythmia is due to the alteration of vagal
tone because of impulses arising from respiratory
centers during inspiration.
• These impulses inhibit the vasodilator area, resulting
in decreased vagal tone and increased heart rate.
• During expiration, the respiratory center stops
sending impulses to vasodilator center.
• Now, vagal tone increases, leading to decrease in
heart rate.
Impulses From Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
• Chemoreceptors are receptors giving
response to change in chemical
constituents of blood, particularly oxygen,
carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion
concentration.
IMPULSES FROM RIGHT ATRIUM –
BAINBRIDGE REFLEX
Factors regulating vagal tone and heart rate
ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood Pressure
The lateral pressure exerted by the column of
blood on wall of arteries
Expressed in four different terms:
Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial blood pressure.
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
• Age
• Sex
• Body Built
• Diurnal Variation
• After Meals
• During Sleep
• After Exercise
Regulation Of Arterial
Blood Pressure
Nervous mechanism (short term regulation)
Renal mechanism ( long term regulation )
Hormonal mechanism
Local mechanism.
Nervous mechanism
Impulses From Baroreceptors –
Marey Reflex
Baroreceptors
• Baroreceptors are the receptors which give
response to change in blood pressure.
• These receptors are also called
pressoreceptors.
Situation
Depending upon the situation, baroreceptors are divided
• into two types:
1. Carotid baroreceptors, situated in carotid sinus,which is present in
the wall of internal carotid artery near the bifurcation of common
carotid artery.
2. Aortic baroreceptors, situated in the wall of arch of aorta.
Nerve Supply
• Carotid baroreceptors are supplied by Hering nerve,which is the
branch of glossopharyngeal (IX cranial)nerve.
• Aortic baroreceptors are supplied by aortic nerve, which is a branch
of vagus (X cranial) nerve
• Nerve fibers from the baroreceptors reach the nucleus of tractus
solitarius, which is situated adjacent to vasomotor center in medulla
oblongata.
Renal Mechanism
By extra cellular fluid volume
Renin Angiotensin Mechanism
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