INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT (ECM506)

DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

-COURSE OUTCOMES-

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:-

a. undertake problem identification, formulation and solution through

analyzing and solving complex design problem.

b. Use the design standards with consideration of real world constraint in

particular the environmental responsibilities of professional engineer and
matters related to economic, legislation, lifespan, etc.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 SCOPE OF SEWERAGE WORKS

STEP 1 POWER & FUNCTION OF CONSENT AUTHORITIES

STEP 2 SEWERAGE DEVELOPMENT

STEP 3 SEWERAGE WORKS PLANNING APPROVAL

STEP 4 SEWERAGE WORKS DESIGN APPROVAL

STEP 5 INSPECTION OF SEWERAGE WORKS

STEP 6 FINAL INSPECTION OF SEWERAGE WORKS &

RECOMMENDATION FOR CF
 DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM (ECM506-IDP)
1. Site visit : to know the existing site condition
• existing sewerage manhole (type, size, material), existing sewerage treatment plan,
existing levels, existing slopes, existing structures, condition on surrounding area, access
road, etc
2. Information to be used during site visit :
• key plan, location plan, site plan, architectural plan, survey plan
3. Liaison with local authority :
• requirements on submission or guidelines to be followed
• existing manhole to be used for the proposed new project
4. Design : use all the information from above for detail design
Refer architectural plan/site plan/location plan/survey plan :
• identify the existing sewerage manhole/ sewerage treatment plant (should be obtained
consent from authority)
• identify the starting point of the sewerage system and proposed the most suitable alignments
of the sewerage system so that the waste water from the proposed
building/project/surrounding area can be discharged or connected to the existing manhole.
• refer design consideration
• prepare sewerage calculation
• prepare sewerage layout plan
• prepare detailing
 ENGINEERING REPORT FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Prepare report for the sewerage system. Report should include the
following items:
• Scope of work /Introduction
• Design criteria/Consideration
• Calculation/Analysis
• Layout plan
• Detail drawings

NOTES:
SCOPE OF WORK :
• only consider surrounding area
• future planning are not included in your design.
 INTRODUCTION

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 INTRODUCTION

Individual Septic Tank

 INTRODUCTION

 
  
                                                                                     

 
  
                                                                                     

 
  
                                                                                     

                                                                                        
 GUIDELINES/STANDARDS USED IN DESIGN

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 GUIDELINES/STANDARDS USED IN DESIGN

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

DESIGN CONSIDERATION
 PLANNING/BEFORE DESIGN
INITIAL CONSULTATION
Before submitting Application for Sewerage Works Planning Approval,
the owner shall consult the Commission (local authority) to determine one
of the following forms of sewage treatment appropriate for the proposed
development:

• Connect to existing public sewer

• Connect to existing treatment plant (STP).
• Proposed a new individual septic tank
• Proposed a new sewerage treatment plant (STP)

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN OF SEWER - GENERAL

Economic in the design:

• sewers should generally be kept as short as possible
• unproductive lengths avoided,
• care should be taken not to restrict potential development.
• The route and depth of a new sewer should always take account of land where
there is the possibility of future development.
• Where sewers are laid at considerable depths or under highways having
expensive foundations and surfaces, it may be cheaper or more convenient to
lay shallow rider sewers to receive the local house connections, and to
connect the riders at convenient point into the main sewers.
• The sewerage system shall be suitably designed to carry all waste water flows
including sludge to the approved disposal point. Unauthorised connections of
surface water or excessive infiltration to the foulwater system will not be
accepted
• Generally all sewers and manholes shall be sited in highways and public land
where access can be gained for maintenance purposes

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN OF SEWER - GENERAL
• Sanitary sewers shall be designed and installed to collect and
convey all waste flows both domestic (municipal) wastes and
industrial wastes (should be approved by the approving authority)
as well as an unavoidable amount of the ground water infiltration to
a point of acceptable treatment and ultimate discharge. Rain water
from roof’s, streets and other areas and ground water from
foundation drains shall be excluded.

SCOPE OF SEWERAGE DESIGN

The scope can be divided into:
1. Sanitary Design (internal) – Design by M & E Engineer
2. Sewerage Design (external) – Design by C & S Engineer

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRAVITY SEWER
1. Location of sewers
Adequate access to a sewer for maintenance should be allowed. The following
factors should also be considered :
• Location of sewers within streets or alleys right of way
• If topography dictates, the sewer to be located within the private properties,
then adequate access should be provided for maintenance purposes.
• In relation to water main, a minimum at 3 m horizontal and 1 m vertical
separation respectively to be provided. No sewer line should be above
water main unless the pipe is adequately protected.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRAVITY SEWER
Clause 2.1.17 volume 3, page 27, ‘Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines’
Sewer networks & Pump Stations by SPAN.

2. Depth of soil cover over the sewer

• The minimum depth of soil cover over the sewer shall be 1.2 metre.
• Sewers are not to be constructed under buildings.

3. Size of public gravity sewer

• The minimum size of public sewers shall be 225 mm in diameter.
• The minimum size of domestic connections to the public sewer shall be
150 mm in diameter.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRAVITY SEWER
4. Minimum and maximum design velocity at peak flow.
• The minimum design velocity at peak flow shall be 0.8 m/sec
• The maximum design velocity at peak flow shall be 4.0 m/sec

5. Flow Rate Estimation

CLAUSE 2.1.14, page 35, volume 3 ‘Guidelines for Developers’ : Sewer Networks &
Pump Stations Volume 3, 2nd Edition, Ministry of Housing & Local
Government,Sewerage Services Department.

Consideration when selecting the diameter and gradient of a sewer line are:
• To cater for peak flow
• To ensure that there will be a sufficient velocity during each day to sufficiently cleanse
the sewer of slime and sediment.
• To limit the velocity to avoid scouring of sewers.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRAVITY SEWER
Average Flow:
• The volume of sewage that needs to be per day is based on an assumed
comtribution per person of 225 litres.
• Another assumption is made as to the contribution fro various types of
premises where the contribution from each premise type is defined in terms
of an equivalent population. The recommended minimum population
equivalent values are given in Table 1.1 page 6 -7 of ‘Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines’ 3rd Edition, Volume IV by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan
Air Negara (SPAN)
• For the development area that is contributing sewage, the population
equivalent should be totalled and then multiplied by the sewage production
value of 225 litres/head/day to give the average flow. (Average Wet
Weather Flow)

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRAVITY SEWER

Peak Flow:
• The flow used to determine the diameter and gradient of the pipeline is the
peak flow. Peak flow is the most severe flow that could occur on any day
when considering daily flow fluctuations and infiltrations. The peak flow is
derived from the average flow by applying a peak factor for daily flow
fluctuations. The peak factor shall be estimated from the following formula :

Peak Factor = 4.7 (PE/1000) ‾ º·¹¹

where PE = assumed population equivalent

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRAVITY SEWER
Clause 3.7 MS 1228 :1991 ‘Code of Practice for Design and Installation
of Sewerage Systems’ Malaysian Standard, MS 1228 : 1991 by SIRIM.

Infiltration:
• While the sewerage system shall be designed cater for unavoidable amount
of infiltration, which arises from faulty joints, cracked sewer pipes and
manholes, it is absolutely important that the infiltration into the sewerage
system be minimized through proper selection of construction technology
and materials, proper supervision of construction and field testing of the
components of system for water-tightness.
• For guidance, the sewerage system may be designed to cater for a
maximum infiltration rate of 50 litre per mm. diameter per km of sewer per
day (50 litre/dia of pipe (mm)/ km pipe/day)

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRAVITY SEWER

6. Manhole
Maximum spacing of manhole shall be 76 m (250 feet). Unless restraint
by site conditions or alignment of sewer, the spacing of manholes could
be increased to 87 m, but in no case should exceed 91 m.

Manhole location shall be provided at :

• The starting and end of all gravity sewers.
• Every change in direction or alignment of sewer
• Every change in gradient
• Every change in size of sewer
• All intersections and junctions of two or more sewers.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRAVITY SEWER
7. Flow Computation
• The design calculation shall be based on the Colebrook – White
Equation:
V = - 2 (2g DS)¹/² log [( Ks/3.7D + 2.51 µ/ D (2gDS) ¹/²]
Where,
V = velocity (m/sec)
S = hydraulic gradient (m/m)
µ = kinematic viscosity of water (1.0 x 10‾ ⁶ m²/s for sewage)
page 30, volume 3, SPAN
D = diameter of pipe (m)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
Ks = roughness coefficient (m) – Table 2.1, page 27, volume 3, SPAN

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN GUIDELINES

Calculation of Population Equivalent (PE)

Calculation of PE to be based on Table 1.1
page 6 -7 of ‘Malaysian Sewerage Industry
Guidelines’ 3rd Edition, Volume IV by
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
(SPAN)

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 Table 1.1 Recommended Population Equivalent (PE)

NO TYPE OF PREMISES/ESTABLISHMENT POPULATION EQUIVALENT

(recommended)

1 Residential 5 per house

2 Commercial : 3 per 100m2 gross area

Including offices,shopping complex, entertainment, recreational
centres, restaurants, cafetaria, theatres.
3 Schools/Educational Institutions:
-Day schools/Institutions 0.2 per student
-Fully residential 1 per student
-Partial residential 0.2 per non residential student
1 per residential student
4 Hospitals 4 per bed

5 Hotels with dining and laundry facilities 4 per room

6 Factories excluding process water 0.3 per staff

7 Market (wet type) 3 per stall

8 Market (dry type) 1 per stall

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir
 Table 1.1 Recommended Population Equivalent (PE)

NO TYPE OF PREMISES/ESTABLISHMENT POPULATION EQUIVALENT

(recommended)

9 Petrol kiosks/Service stations 15 per toilet

10 Bus terminal 4 per bus bay

11 Taxi terminal 4 per taxi bay

12 Mosque/Church/Temple 0.2 per person

13 Stadium 0.2 per person

14 Swimming pool/Sport complex 0.5 per person

15 Public toilet 15 per toilet

16 Airport 0.2 per passenger

0.3 per employee

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 Table 1.1 Recommended Population Equivalent (PE)

NO TYPE OF PREMISES/ESTABLISHMENT POPULATION EQUIVALENT

(recommended)

17 Laundry 10 per machine

18 Prison 1 per person

19 Golf course 20 per hole

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 MATERIAL
PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION FACTORS
The following considerations are the important factors to be considered before
selecting or approving any pipe material and pipeline system for sewer networks:
• Resistance to acidic condition
• Resistance to sulphate attack from aggressive soils and groundwater.
• Resistance to corrosion in contaminated soils.
• Resistance to groundwater entry (infiltration) and sewage escape (exfiltration)
through joints.
• Resistance of the joint material to corrosion and microbiological degradation
• Structural damages and other damages that may occur during handling.
• Handling, laying and jointing care and difficulties.
• Methods of pipe embedment to ensure good structural performance.
• Maintenance of structural strength and performance in service.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 MATERIAL
• Methods of maintenance and repair
• Cost of supply, transport and ease of installation
• Range and suitability of fittings for smaller diameter sewer.
• Previous local experience
• Local availability
• Pipe pressure ratings
• The design life of a pipe shall be at least 50 years.
• All bolts and nuts shall be stainless steel
• Where necessary, special tools and trained personal shall be made
available during the handling and installation of pipes.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 MATERIAL
Additionally, the following factors should be considered before
selecting
or approving any pipe manufacturer and supplier:
• Compliance of products to standards
• Compliance to additional material and product requirements
specified by the Commission.
• Quality control and assurance practised by the manufacturer and
supplier to ensure good pipe product quality from manufacturing to
delivery.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 MATERIAL
PIPE SELECTION;
There is an extensive range of pipe material available in Malaysia to be
used as gravity, pressure and vacuum sewers. The pipes are:
1. Gravity sewers
a. Rigid pipes
• VCP -vitrified clay pipe
• RCP – reinforced concrete pipe
b. Flexible pipes
• GRP – glass reinforced plastic pipe
• Ductile iron pipe
• HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 MATERIAL
2. Force main (rising mains)
• Ductile iron
• GRP
• ABS – acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
• HDPE
• Steel

3. Vacuum sewer
• ABS
• HDPE

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

VCP PIPE
VCP PIPE
ANALYSIS/HYDRAULICS CALCULATION
 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
- HYDRAULIC CALCULATION-
PROJECT : PROPOSED 3 BLOCKS OF CONDOMINIUM
CONSISTS OF 500 UNIT, 2 BLOCKS 31/2
STOREY CARPARK, TENIS
COURT,RECREATIONAL CENTER AND
SWIMMING POOL ON LOT 783, MUKIM
SETAPAK KUALA LUMPUR

CLIENT : SUAJAYA MAHIR SDN BHD

CONSULTANT : HSS INTEGRATED SDN BHD

DESIGNED BY : IR BASIR BIN NOORDIN

DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
FROM MH1 – MH2
 SEWERAGE LAYOUT PLAN - EXAMPLE

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
MH 1 TO MH 2
MH 1
Ground Level (GL/RL) : 41.3 m
Manhole depth (H) : 1.5 m (> 1.2 m)
Invert Level (IL) : 39.8 m (41.3 m – 1.5 m)
Diameter pipe (D) : 225 mm (proposed : vitrified clay pipe)
Length of pipe (L) : 20 m (from MH 1 to MH 2)
Gradient (S) : 1:250 (1/250 = 0.004)
Type of Premises: : Condominium (Residential)
Population Equivalent : 5 person/unit
No of Unit discharge to : 20 + 34 + 34 + 32 = 120 unit
(MH1 & MH2)
From Table 1.1- Recommended Population Equivalent (PE)
= 120 unit x 5 per house
= 600 PE
23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir
 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
- HYDRAULIC CALCULATION-
Peak Flow = Average Flow On Line x Peak Flow Factor

Average Flow On Line = PE x Average Wet Weather Flow

= 600 PE x 225 litre/person/day
= 135,000 litre/day
= 135,000/(24 x 60 x 60)
= 1.563 litre/second

Peak Flow Factor = 4.7 (PE/1000) ‾ º·¹¹

= 4.7 (600/1000) ‾ º·¹¹
= 4.972

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
- HYDRAULIC CALCULATION-
Peak Flow = Average Flow On Line x Peak Flow Factor
= 1.563 x 4.972
= 7.768 litre/second

Infiltration = 50 litre/dia of pipe (mm)/km pipe/day

Infiltration on line = 50 x 225 x 20
1000
= 225 litre/ day
= 225
24 x 60 x 60
= 0.0026 litre/second
Cumulative Design Flow= 7.768 + 0.0026
= 7.771 litre/second

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
- HYDRAULIC CALCULATION-
CHECK CAPACITY OF PIPE
Using Colebrook & White Formula:
V = - 2 (2g DS)¹/² log [( Ks/3.7D + 2.51 µ/ D (2gDS) ¹/²]
Where,
V = velocity (m/sec)
S = hydraulic gradient (m/m)
µ = kinematic viscosity of water (1.0 x 10‾ ⁶ m²/s for sewage)
page 30, volume 3, SPAN
D = diameter of pipe (m)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
Ks = roughness coefficient (m) – Table 2.1, page 27, volume 3,
SPAN

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
- HYDRAULIC CALCULATION-
-2 (2g DS)¹/² = - 2 (2 x 9.81 x 0.225 x 0.004)¹/²
= - 0.2658

Ks = 0.06/1000
3.7D 3.7 x 0.225
= 0.000072

2.51 µ = 2.51 x 1.0 x 10‾ ⁶

= 2.51 x 10‾ ⁶

D (2gDS) ¹/² = 0.225 (2 x 9.81 x 0.225 x 0.004) ¹/²

= 0.0299

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
- HYDRAULIC CALCULATION-
V = - 2 (2g DS)¹/² log [( Ks/3.7D + 2.51 µ/ D (2gDS) ¹/²]

V = - 0.2658 log [(0.000072 + 2.51 x 10‾ ⁶ ]

0.0299
= - 0.2658 log (0.000084)
= - 0.2658 x – 4.076
= 1.08 m/sec ( more than 0.8 m/sec and less than 4.0 m/sec)

Velocity, V shall be between 0.8 m/sec and 4.0 m/sec. Therefore the
proposed gradient (1:250) is sufficient. If the velocity, V is < 0.8 m/sec
Or V is > 4.0 m/sec, the gradient of the sewerage pipe has to be adjusted.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
- HYDRAULIC CALCULATION-
Capacity of Pipe, Q = VxA

= 1.08 m/sec x ᴫЛ D²
4
= 1.08 m/sec x 3.14 x (0.225)²
4
= 0.043 m³/sec
= 43.0 litre/sec ( > 7.771 litre/sec)

Q (43.0 litre/sec) is greater than Q (Cumulative Design Flow = 7.771

liter/sec). Therefore the size of the proposed pipe, 225 mm diameter is
sufficient.

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

 DESIGN OF GRAVITY SEWER
Therefore, for MH 2 :
MH 2
Ground Level (GL/RL) : 41.3 m
Manhole depth (H) : 1.58 m (41.3 m – 39.72 m) > 1.2 m
(OK)
Invert Level (IL) : 39.72 m ( 39.8 m – 20 m/250 )

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir
23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir
 SEWERAGE LAYOUT PLAN - EXAMPLE

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir

23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir
23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir
23/06/20 Prepared by Ir. Basir