Secondary Plant

Body
Vascular Cambium
and
Cork Cambium
Origin and Structure
Vascular cambium produces
secondary vascular tissue in
woody stems and roots
Woody plants & secondary
growth

vascular
cambium
Vascular cambium
Vascular cambium
 Origin and structure
 All gymnosperms and most
dicots , large herbs and woody
forms such as shrubs and trees
develop lateral meristem.
 This result in lateral meristem.

 It is responsible for continuous

increase in the width of stem

and roots.
 Secondary Growth
 The growth that is derived
from lateral meristem is called
secondary growth.
 Secondary growth is composed

of secondary tissues which

form the secondary plant body
 Vascular Cambium
 Vascular cambium is a bifacial
meristem which add to the
girth of stems and root axis in
arboreal dicots and
gymnosperms.
 It produces secondary xylem

internally and secondary

phloem externally.
 Vascular Cambium
Cont.
 Comparable cambia do not
occur in monocots.
 Vascular cambium varies

greatly in its activities during

different seasons of the year.
 In some tropical plants cambia

is more or less active the year

around.
 Vascular Cambium
Cont.
 In temperate regions the
cambium is dormant for a
period of time throughout the
year.
 Resumption of cambial growth

is associated with renewal

activities of buds and
formation of new leaves.
 Vascular Cambium
Cont.
 A correlation between
reactivation of vascular
cambium and increase in
hormone auxin has been
observed.
 Phloem cells are the first

vascular elements to be
produced by the reactivated
cambium.
 Vascular Cambium
Cont
 This is followed by formation of
secondary xylem.
 Vascular cambium differ from

Apical meristem in its

organization and produce only
tissues and not organs.
 Cork Cambium
 Outer protective layers of plant
axis are called Periderm. They
are formed by cork cambium or
phellogen.
 The functioning of these two

cambia represent an important

component of woody plant
growth and development.
 Vascular Cambium
Formation
 The cambium that is formed
between the primary xylem
and primary phloem is called
fascicular [Link]
interfascicular cambium is
initiated.
 Real and not real secondary

meristems.
 Induction
 Cellular dedifferentiation in
which cells of one
morphological type are
transformed into cells of
another type.
 This is called induction. It is the

ability of one tissue toinfluence

the development of another
tissue.
 Root Cambium
 In root the vascular cambium
originates between the primary
xylem and the primary phloem.
 As secondary growth occurs,

the star shaped transactional

outline of the first-formed
cambium is altered into a
circular outline.
 Two Types of Initials
 Vascular cambia have two
categories of initials of distinct
size and shape.
 These are the fusiform initials

and ray initials.

 Fusiform initials are relatively

large, considerably elongated,

spindle shaped elements with
overlapping ends.
 Vascular cambium-
Vascular Cambium
a cylindrical
sheath of
meristematic cells Tangential Section
that produces
secondary xylem &
phloem.
 Consists of two
forms of highly
vacuolated cells:
– Fusiform initials
– Ray initials
 Initials
 Fusiform gives rise to an axial
system of radially aligned
vertically elongated tracheary
elements fibers, and sieve
elements and parenchyma cells.
 Storied(stratified) and

nonstoried (nonstratified)
cambium
Nonstoried
Fusiform Initials

Storied Fusiform
Initials

Plant Anatomy CD
 Ray Initials
 Ray initials divide priclinally to
form aggregation of radially
extended parenvhymatous cells
called rays.
 In most of the plants they make

25% of the secondary plant

body.
 Ray cells are smaller

isodiametric.
 Cell Division in VC
 Cell division in fusiform initial is
most remarkable cytological
events in the plant kingdom.
 Division is both periclinal and

anticlinal.
 This is to keep pace with the

rapid increase in axis diameter.

 Cell Divisions
 Additive divisions and
multiplicative divisions.
 Additive divisions add cells of

secondary xylem and

secondary phloem.
 Multiplicative divisions provide

for circumferential expansion

Secondary xylem &
tree rings
Softwoods vs. hardwoods
 Softwoods – no vessels, few fibers
– Pine, spruce

Resin canals

 Hardwoods – many vessels, fibers

– Oak, maple
 Ring-porous wood vs.
diffuse porous wood
 Used in taxonomic identity of
woody species

Ash Beech
Xylem Rays
Ray cells conduct laterally
heartwood sapwood
Primary Thickening Meristem

It is a meristem located near the

shoot apex of virtually all
monocotyledons and responsible
for an increase in the diameter
of the shoot apex.(see next
slide)
Outer bark (periderm)
Periderm (outer bark)
 Lenticels
Lenticels
Lenticels
 Which of the following
statements is true?
1. The vascular cambium produces secondary
xylem and the cork cambium produces
secondary phloem
2. The vascular cambium produces primary
vascular tissue and the cork cambium produces
secondary vascular tissue
3. The vascular cambium produces secondary
xylem toward the outside and secondary phloem
toward the inside
4. The vascular cambium produces secondary
xylem and phloem and the cork cambium
produces the periderm
5. Both 3 and 4 are true
 Non-functional secondary
xylem is called
1. Heartwood
2. Springwood
3. Sapwood
4. Deadwood
5. Summerwood
 AXIAL

Axial: Longitudinal
AL
translocation, xylem
NTI
& phloem elements.
NGE
TA

RAD
I AL

Radial: Lateral
translocation.
Carbohydrate from phloem,
to parenchymatic (living)
tissue, water from xylem to
living tissues as well.
 Fusiform vs. ray initials

radius
Fusiform and ray cells form
FILES of cells – each file
contains a number of
differentiating elements. Both
can divide radially OR
tangentially
tangent

endarch
TANGENTIAL face

exarch
exarch TANGENTIAL face
TANGENTIAL face RADIAL face RADIAL face

n
io
n io
s is
iv
i
d iv
ll
d ll
e ce
of
c of
e
an
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l an
p l p
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no
 THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM

The vascular cambium is unlike the primary meristems (root and shoot
apex) of the plant, in that it produces new cells and tissues which add to
the axial system (i.e. the conducting system) as well as to the radial
system (i.e. the lateral transport pathway). In contrast, apical meristems of
the shoot and root add only to the axial system. The cells of the vascular
cambium do not fit the regular concept of meristematic cells (i.e. small,
isodiametric shaped cells, with a dense cytoplasm and containing large
nuclei). Cambial cells are usually highly vacuolate and occur in two forms,
namely fusiform cells and ray cells. Fusiform cells are prism-shaped with a
distinct wedge-shape at both ends. Ray cells are short and squat.
Tangentially, both cell types may be wider than they appear in radial
section or longitudinal view. The slides that follow will assist to orientate
you with respect to the planes of cell division within the cambium.

The two cell types (fusiform and ray cells) have unique functions. Fusiform
cells usually only produce cells associated with the axial system -- that is,
they produce either new elements of the xylem, or elements of the phloem.
Fusiform cells thus add new cells to the AXIAL conducting system. Ray
cells on the other hand, produce ONLY ray cells and thus add to the
RADIAL system of the plant
Sections
 Woody plants
 20% of all dicot species (oaks,
maples)
 5% of all monocot species

 All gymnosperms (pines, firs,

redwoods)
Secondary growth &
lateral meristems
Vascular cambium produces
secondary vascular tissue in
woody stems and roots
Woody roots
Vascular cambium
Woody plants & secondary
growth

vascular
cambium
Vascular cambium
Secondary growth of
dicot stems
Secondary xylem &
tree rings
springwood

summerwood
Softwoods vs. hardwoods
 Softwoods – no vessels, few fibers
– Pine, spruce

Resin canals

 Hardwoods – many vessels, fibers

– Oak, maple
 Ring-porous wood vs.
diffuse porous wood
 Used in taxonomic identity of
woody species

Ash Beech
Xylem Rays
Ray cells conduct laterally
Woody stem, l.s.
heartwood sapwood
Heartwood – xylem vessels
blocked by tyloses
Vascula
r
 Secondary phloem

fibers

phloem
Outer bark (periderm)
Periderm (outer bark)
Periderm
 Lenticels
Lenticels
Lenticels
 Which of the following
statements is true?
1. The vascular cambium produces secondary
xylem and the cork cambium produces
secondary phloem
2. The vascular cambium produces primary
vascular tissue and the cork cambium produces
secondary vascular tissue
3. The vascular cambium produces secondary
xylem toward the outside and secondary phloem
toward the inside
4. The vascular cambium produces secondary
xylem and phloem and the cork cambium
produces the periderm
5. Both 3 and 4 are true
 Non-functional secondary
xylem is called
1. Heartwood
2. Springwood
3. Sapwood
4. Deadwood
5. Summerwood
 Non-functional secondary
xylem is called
1. Heartwood
2. Springwood
3. Sapwood
4. Deadwood
5. Summerwood
 A tylose is associated
with
1. Vascular cambium
2. Cork cambium
3. Heartwood
4. Periderm
5. Summerwood
 Sapwood is most likely
to be located
1. Just inside the cork cambium
2. In the xylem “ring” closest to
the center of the stem
3. In the xylem “ring” closest to
the vascular cambium
4. Just outside the cork
cambium
Humans and secondary
plant growth
 Wood products

 Christmas trees & NC

Bamboo products
Bark products
Quercus suber

link
 Cinnamon
 Bark of Cinnamomum verum
 Spice used in cooking
 Herbal remedy
– Appetite loss
– Bronchitis
– Colds (Cough, fever, sore throat)
– Indigestion
– Tendency to infection
– Diarrhea
– Hemorrhage
 Ingredient in toothpaste, mouthwash,
perfume, soap, lipstick, chewing gum, and
cola drinks
 Insecticide
Salix alba (White willow) -
salicin
 Cinchona species – Quinine
 Actions: Analgesic,
Anesthetic,
Antiarrhythmic,
Antibacterial,
Antimalarial, Anti-
microbial, Anti-parasitic,
Antipyretic, Antiviral,
Antiseptic, Astringent,
Bactericide, Fungicide,
Febrifuge, Insecticide,
Nervine, Stomachic,
Tonic
Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) -
Taxol
 1991 - 60,000 lbs. of the dried
bark yields about 9lbs. of taxol
drug (12,000 trees)
Woody plants as art
Dendrochronology
 Dendrochronology
 Used to calibrate C14 dating
 ~8000 year tree ring calendar
 Woody plant pests
 Southern pine beetle
(Dendroctonus frontalis)
SPB damage
 1973-77 outbreak
– 4.5M board feet lost
 Avg. annual loss
– 100M board feet
– 20M cu. Ft. growing
stock
SPB infestations
 Woody plant research
 NCSU-forest biotechnology gro
up
 Bristlecone pines
 Oldest organism – 4767 yrs. old
 That’s a big stem!
Redwoods grow up to 350 ft tall; 30 ft. dia.
 That’s a big
stem!
 Sequoiadendron
giganteum
– “Grizzly Giant” (1790-
2700 years old)
– Up to 350ft tall; 30ft in
diameter
 That’s a big stem!
 Baobab (Adonsonia digitata)
grow up to 45 ft. in diameter
That’s a big
stem!
Black River Swamp (Pender and
Bladen Counties)
The Black River, a blackwater
tributary to the Cape Fear River,
provides wonderful opportunities to
explore old-growth forests on a half-
day canoe trip. Surrounded by
classic blackwater river swamp, the
Black River is home to the oldest
living trees east of the Rocky
Mountains according to research
conducted by dendrochronologists
from the University of Arkansas.
Individual trees with swollen
buttresses, often exceeding 15 feet
in diameter, may be 1,700-2,000
years old.