Periodicity 元素周期律

Noble Gases 惰性气体

 Review
• Valence Electron 价电子 Configuration 构型
• Most Stable 稳定 Configuration
– Inert Gas 惰性气体
–2
– 2,8
– 2,8,8
• Ion 离子 Formation 形成
– Metal 金属  Lose 失去 e-  Cation 阳离子
– Nonmetal 非金属  Gain 获得 e-  Anion 阴
离子
 Review
• Valence Electron Configuration 价电子构型
• Most Stable Configuration/Inert Gas
–2
– 2,8
– 2,8,8
• Ion Formation
– Metal  Lose e-  Cation
– Nonmetal  Gain e-  Anion
 Review
• Valence Electron Configuration 价电子构型
 The Periodic Table

Part 1: Trends 趋势 in the periodic table

 The Periodic Table 元素周期表

LO 1. Describe 描述 the Periodic Table as a method of classifying 分类

elements and its use to predict 推测 properties 性质 of elements.

LO 2 Describe the change from metallic 金属的 to non-metallic 非金属

的 character 性质 across a Period 周期

LO 3 Describe the relationship 关系 between Group 族 number,

number of valence electrons 价电子 and metallic/non-metallic
character.
Why is the Periodic Table important to
me?
• The periodic table is
the most useful tool
to a chemist.
• You get to use it on
every test.
• It organizes lots of
information about all
the known elements.
 Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …
• …was a mess!!!
• No organization of
elements.
• Imagine going to a
grocery store with no
organization!!
• Difficult to find information.
• Chemistry didn’t make
sense.
 Dmitri Mendeleev 门捷列夫
SOMEHIS
HOW PROBLEMS…
WORKED…
• He
Put left
elements
blank spaces
in rowsfor
by what
increasing
he said
atomic
were weight.
undiscovered
• elements.
Put elements (Turned out heby
in columns was
theright!)
way they reacted.
• He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep
similar reacting elements together.
 The Current Periodic Table
• Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.
• Now the elements are put in rows by increasing
ATOMIC NUMBER!!
• The horizontal rows are called periods 周期 and
are labeled from 1 to 7.
• The vertical columns are called groups 族 and
are labeled from 1 to 18.
 Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic
Table Gets Useful!!

• Elements in Why??
the same • They have the same
group have number of valence
similar electrons.
• They will form the
chemical and
same kinds of ions.
physical
properties!!
• (Mendeleev did that on
purpose.)
 Families on the Periodic Table
• Columns are also grouped into
families.
• Families may be one column, or
several columns put together.
• Families have names rather than
numbers. (Just like your family
has a common last name.)
 Hydrogen

• H belongs to a family of its own.

• H2 is a diatomic 双原子 , reactive gas.
• H2 was involved 参与 in the explosion 爆炸 of the
Hindenberg.
 Alkali Metals 碱金属
• 1st column 列 on the
periodic table (Group 1)
not including hydrogen.
• Very reactive 反应活性
metals, always combined
with something else in
nature (like in salt).
• Soft enough to cut with a
butter knife.
The Periodic Table

Part 2: Group 1
 Lesson Objectives
• Describe the properties and reactivity of
lithium 锂 , sodium 钠 and potassium 钾
in Group 1

• Use the trends within the group to predict

the properties of other elements.
Group I
 Where are the alkali 碱 metals?
The elements in group 1, on the left of the periodic table,
are called the alkali metals 碱金属 .
lithium Li
sodium Na
potassium K
rubidium Rb
caesium Cs
francium Fr

These metals are all very reactive and are rarely 稀有的
found in nature in their elemental form.
Why are they called the ‘alkali metals’?
The alkali metals are so
reactive that, as elements,
they have to be stored in
oil. This stops them reacting
with oxygen in the air.

Alkali metals are soft enough to be cut with a knife, and

the most common alkali metals, lithium, sodium and
potassium, all float on water.

The elements in group 1 also react with water and form

alkaline 碱性的 compounds. This is why they are called alkali
metals.
 What are the properties of the alkali metals?

The characteristic properties of the alkali metals are:

 They are soft and can be cut by a knife.
Softness increases going down the group.
 They have a low density 密度 .
Lithium, sodium and potassium float on water.
 They have low melting 熔点 and boiling points 沸点 .
These properties mean that the alkali metals are different to
typical 普通的 metals. However, alkali metals do also share
some properties with typical metals:
 They are good conductors 导体
of heat and electricity.
 They are shiny 有金属光泽 . This
is only seen when alkali metals
are freshly cut.
What are the trends in density?
 What is the trend in density?
The alkali metals generally become more dense going down
the group, but the trend is not perfect because potassium is
less dense than sodium.

Element Density (g/cm3)

lithium 0.53
sodium 0.97
potassium 0.86
rubidium 1.53
caesium 1.87

Water has a density of 1 g/cm3.

Which elements in group 1 will float on water?
 What are the trends
in melting and boiling point?
 What is the trend
in melting and boiling points?

The melting points and boiling points of alkali metals

decrease 降低 going down the group.
Element Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C)
lithium 181 1342
sodium 98 883
potassium 64 760
rubidium 39 686
caesium 28 671
The melting and boiling points decrease going down group 1
because the atoms get larger. Melting points are lower than for
typical, transition, metals, because alkali metals only have 1
electron in their outer shell. Not much heat energy is needed for
this electron to be lost.
Trends in Chemical Reactivity

Reactivity increases down the group. Li

Reactivity Increases
Reactions all involve the loss of the Na
outermost electron which changes the
metal atom into a metal 1+ ion. K
Losing this electron seems to get
easier as we go down the group. Rb

Cs
Reactivity and Electron Structures

1. The outer electron (-) gets further

from the nucleus 原子核 (+) as
you go down the group. This
reduces 减少 the force 力 of

Reactivity Increases
attraction 吸引 .

2. The inner shells ‘shield’ 屏蔽 the

outermost electron from the
attraction from the nucleus.

Both factors 因素 make it easier

to lose the outer electron as you
go down the group.
Reaction with Water

The Group 1 elements all react Reaction of Lithium

vigorously 剧烈的 with water.

Hydrogen gas is produced which Li Li H H

O
sometimes catches fire.
H H
O
An alkali is left behind in the
solution which is why these
elements are often called ‘The - +
Alkali Metals’. O H H
Li H

+
Li -
O H
Reaction of Lithium with Water

Lithium fizzes quickly in water forming lithium hydroxide

and hydrogen.

Lithium + water  Lithium hydroxide + hydrogen

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

The solution that remains is strongly

alkaline.
Reaction of Sodium with Water

Sodium fizzes very quickly in water. The gas given off can
be ignited by a lighted splint.

Sodium + water  Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

sodium on water enlarged

Potassium with Water
• Lithium fizzes. Sodium reacts more vigorously.
• What will potassium do?

What will the word equation and

chemical equations be for the reaction
of potassium with water?

Potassium + water

Potassium + water  Potassium hydroxide + hydrogen

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

The Group 1 Metals and oxygen

The Group 1 elements burn in air to form metal oxides.

Don’t try to put them out with water!

Lithium + oxygen  Lithium Oxide

4Li (s) + O2(g)  2 Li2O (s)

What will the word equation and chemical equations be for the reaction of
sodium with air?

Sodium + oxygen  sodium oxide

4 Na(s) + O2 (g)  2Na2O (s)

The Group 1 Metals and chlorine
The Group 1 elements burn in chlorine to form metal
chlorides 氯化物 .

Lithium + chlorine  Lithium chloride

2Li (s) + Cl2(g)  2 LiCl (s)

What will the word equation and chemical equations be for the reaction of
sodium with chlorine?

Sodium + chlorine  Sodium chloride

2 Na(s) + Cl2 (g)  2NaCl (s)

Application of the Group 1 Metals

The metals themselves are too reactive to have

many uses although sodium vapour 蒸汽 gives
street lights their yellow glow 辉光 .

Lithium metal is used to improve the strength of

aircraft 飞机 alloys 合金 and is also used in
some electrical batteries.

Common sodium compounds include “salt”,

(sodium chloride), “bicarbonate” (sodium sodium light

hydrogen carbonate), washing soda (sodium

carbonate) and caustic soda (sodium
hydroxide.)
Potassium compounds are used in “NPK
fertilisers 肥料” , in weed-killers 除草剂 , potassium

explosives 爆炸物 and many other chemicals.

 Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属
• 2nd column on the periodic
table. (Group 2)
• Reactive metals that are
always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
• Several of these elements
are important mineral 矿
物质 nutrients 营养素
(such as Mg and Ca)
Group II – the Alkaline Earth Metals
Group II – the Alkaline Earth Metals
Group II – the Alkaline Earth Metals
 Group 3

• 13th column
• Aluminum 铝 metal was once rare 稀少 and
expensive 昂贵 , not a “disposable 一次性 metal.”
 Group 4

• 14th column
• Contains elements important to life
and computers.
• Carbon is the basis for an entire
branch 分支 of chemistry –
organic 有机 & biochemistry 生物
化学
• Silicon 硅 and Germanium 锗 are
important semiconductors 半导体 .
Group 5
• 15th column
• Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of
the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are
both important in living things.
• Most of the world’s nitrogen is
not available to living things.
• The red stuff on the tip of
matches is phosphorus.
 Group 6

• 16th column
• Oxygen is necessary for
respiration 呼吸 .
• Many things that stink 臭 ,
contain sulfur (rotten 腐烂的
eggs, garlic 大蒜 , skunks 臭鼬 ,
etc.)
 Halogens 卤素

• 17th column
• Very reactive 活性高 ,
volatile 易挥发 , diatomic 双
原子 , nonmetals
• Always found combined with
other element in nature .
• Used as disinfectants 消毒
剂 and to strengthen 强化
teeth.
Transition Metals 过渡金属

• Less reactive
• Harder 更坚硬
metals
• Includes metals used
in jewelry 首饰 and
construction 建筑
• Metals used “as
metal.”
 The Transition elements
• Transition means “an in between state” and
the transition elements come in between
Group 2 and Group 3.
Gp 2 Gp 3
H
He
Transition Elements
Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ? ?
 General Characteristics

Transition
Elements
Often act as
catalysts

They have They have

high melting high density
Less reactive points
than Group 1 or
Group 2 metals

They mostly form Transition metals

coloured are often referred to
compounds as ‘typical’ metals
 Properties – Density
• Similarities are more noticeable than differences
although there are still some broad patterns.
• They are all dense (heavy) which is what we
expect of metals.

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
9
Sc
8
Ti
7
V
6
Cr
5
Mn
4
Fe
3
Co
2
Ni
1 Cu
0 Zn
Density (g/cm-3)
 Properties – Melting Point
E.g. Melting points show no regular pattern – other than nearly all
being high which is typical of metals.
(Note zinc doesn’t fit very well on either density or melting point.)

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

2000

1800

1600 Sc Ti V Cr

1400

1200

1000 Mn Fe Co Ni

800

600

400 Cu Zn

200

0
Melting Point ( C)
 Properties – Reactivity
• Again it is similarities that stand out
rather than differences: they tend to
react relatively slowly (e.g.) with air,
water and acid.
• The general trend is to reduced activity
across the PeriodicTable but again the
trend is far from perfect with zinc in Rusting:
a slow
particular being more reactive than you but
costly
might expect. process!

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

General reduced reactivity

 Properties – Catalysis
• A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a
chemical reaction without being used up.
• Catalysts are hugely valuable in industry
where they can save time and energy.
• Many transition elements ( and their
compounds) are catalysts.
Ni
Ti
V
Fe

Used in oil Used in plastic

hydrogenation manufacture
 Applications
• The three most commonly known transition
elements are iron or steel, copper and zinc.
iron or copper zinc
steel

Electrical and
General Galvanising steel
plumbing work
engineering to protect it
metal
 Activity
• Pair the metal up with its uses

copper

iron or
steel

zinc
 Activity
• Pair the statement about the transition
elements with the words
The **** elements fit catalysts
between group 2 and 3.
They tend to be very**** reactive
Most are not especially *** coloured
They are all typical**** similar
They often form compounds transition
that are ****
They often speed up metals
reactions by acting as ****
Which is a true statement about most
transition elements?

A. They are non-metals.

B. They are light (low density).
C. They are strong.
D. They are non-conductors.
Which of these does copper NOT tend to be
used for?

A. Plumbing work.
B. Electrical work
C. Ornaments and jewellery
D. Tools
Transition elements can speed up other
reactions without getting used up in the process.
What do we call substances that do this?

A. Capitalists
B. Catalysts
C. Catholics
D. Catapults
Transition elements often form coloured
compounds. What colour compound does
copper usually form?

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
How would you describe the reactivity of
transition elements within the Periodic
Table?

[Link] more reactive across periods (left

to right).
[Link] less reactive across periods
(left to right).
[Link] change in reactivity.
[Link] but no trends in reactivity.