Advanced Fluid Mechanics
Flow of Viscous Fluids
Set 03
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
υ ρ
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
Newtonian fluid down an inclined plane under gravity
Exercise 1: y
Show that, for steady, fully developed laminar z
dir
flow down the slope (shown in the figure), the x e ctio
Navier-Stokes equations reduces to no
f fl
d 2u g ow
sin
dy 2
θ
where u is the velocity in the x-direction, ρ is the density, μ is
the dynamic viscosity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and θ is
the angle of the plane to the horizontal.
Solve the above equation to obtain the velocity profile u and obtain the
expression for the volumetric flow rate for a flowing film of thickness h.
Exercise 2:
If there is another solid boundary instead of the free-surface at y = h and the
flow occurs with no pressure gradient, what will be the volumetric flow rate?
Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow
Navier-Stokes equation is already chosen since the system
considered is incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid.
y
Step 2: Choose the coordinate system
z
Cartesian coordinate system is already chosen. x dir
e ctio
no
Step 3: Decide upon the functional dependence of f fl
ow
the velocity components
θ
x direction :
y direction :
z direction :
u function(t , x, y , z )
v function(t , x, y , z )
w function(t , x, y, z ) } (1)
Steady, fully developed flow and therefore no change in time and in the flow
direction. Channel is not bounded in the z-direction and therefore nothing
happens in the z-direction.
x direction : u function( y )
y direction :
z direction :
v function( y )
w0 } (2)
Step 4: Use the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates
u v w v
0 0
x y z y
v constant or v0
Flow geometry shows that vv can not y v
be a constant, and therefore we choose z
dir
x e ctio
no
v0
f fl
ow
θ
The functional dependence of the velocity components
therefore reduces to
x direction: u = function of (y)
y direction:
z direction:
v=0
w=0 } (3)
Step 5: Using the N-S equation, we get
x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
R. Shanthini
05 April 2012
N-S equation therefore reduces to
p 2u
x - component: 2 g x 0 y
x y
p z
y - component: g y 0 x di r
y ect
io no
p f fl
ow
z - component: g z 0
z
θ
No applied pressure gradient to drive the flow. Flow is
driven by gravity alone. Therefore, we get
2u d 2u g
x - component: gx sin (4)
y 2
dy 2
p
y - component: g y g cos
y
What was
p asked to be
z - component: 0 p is not a function of z derived in
z Exercise 1
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
Newtonian fluid down an inclined plane under gravity
Exercise 1: y
Show that, for steady, fully developed laminar z
dir
flow down the slope (shown in the figure), the x e ctio
Navier-Stokes equation reduces to no
f fl
d 2u g ow
dy 2
sin
√done
where u is the velocity in the x-direction, ρ is the density, μ is
θ
the dynamic viscosity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and θ is
the angle of the plane to the horizontal.
Solve the above equation to obtain the velocity profile u and obtain the
expression for the volumetric flow rate for a flowing film of thickness h.
Exercise 2:
If there is another solid boundary instead of the free-surface at y = h and the
flow occurs with no pressure gradient, what will be the volumetric flow rate?
d 2u g
sin (4)
dy 2
y
Equation (4) is a second order equation in u with z
respect to y. Therefore, we require two boundary x
conditions (BC) of u with respect to y. h
BC 1: At y = 0, u = 0 (no-slip boundary condition)
θ
du
BC 2: At y = h, 0 (free-surface boundary condition)
dy
du g
Integrating equation (4), we get sin y A (5)
dy
g
Applying BC 2, we get A sin h (6)
du g
Combining equations (5) and (6), we get sin h y (7)
dy
y
z
x
h
θ
g y2
Integrating equation (7), we get u sin hy B (8)
2
Applying BC 1, we get B=0 (9)
g y2
Combining equations (8) and (9), we get u sin hy (10)
2
g y2
u sin hy (10)
2
y
z
Volumetric flow rate through one unit width x
fluid film along the z-direction is given by
h
h
Q u dy
0
θ
h
g y2
Q sin hy dy
0
2
h
g y y g
2 3
h 3 h 3 gh 3
Q sin h sin sin (11)
2 6 0 2 6 3
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
Newtonian fluid down an inclined plane under gravity
Exercise 1: y
Show that, for steady, fully developed laminar z
dir
flow down the slope (shown in the figure), the x e ctio
Navier-Stokes equation reduces to no
f fl
d 2u g ow
dy 2
sin
√done
where u is the velocity in the x-direction, ρ is the density, μ is
θ
the dynamic viscosity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and θ is
the angle of the plane to the horizontal.
Solve the above equation to obtain the velocity profile u and obtain the
expression for the volumetric flow rate for a flowing film of thickness h.
Exercise 2:
√done
If there is another solid boundary instead of the free-surface at y = h and the
flow occurs with no pressure gradient, what will be the volumetric flow rate?
d 2u g Equation does not change.
sin (4) BCs change.
dy 2
y
z
BC 1: At y = 0, u = 0 (no-slip boundary condition) x
h
du
BC 2: At y = h, 0 (free-surface boundary condition)
dy
θ
u=0 (no-slip boundary condition)
du g
Integrating equation (4), we get sin y A (12)
dy
g y2
Integrating equation (12), we get u sin Ay B (13)
2
g h
Applying the BCs in (13), we get B = 0 and A sin
2
Therefore, equation (13) becomes
g hy y 2 y
u sin (14)
2 2 z
x
Volumetric flow rate through one unit width h
fluid film along the z-direction is given by
h
θ
Q u dy
0
h
g hy y 2
Q sin dy
0
2 2
h
g hy y g
2 3
h 3 h 3 gh 3
Q sin sin sin (15)
4 6 0 4 6 12
Summary of Exercises 1 and 2
Free surface gravity flow Gravity flow through two planes
y y
z z
x x
h h
θ θ
g y2 g hy y 2
u sin hy (10) u sin (14)
2 2 2
gh 3 gh 3
Q sin (11) Q sin (15)
3 12
Why the volumetric flow rate of the free surface gravity flow is
4 times larger than the gravity flow through two planes?
R. Shanthini
05 April 2012
Any clarification?
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
Newtonian fluid down a vertical plane under gravity
Exercise 3:
A viscous film of liquid draining down the side of a wide
vertical wall is shown in the figure. At some distance down z
the wall, the film approaches steady conditions with fully y
developed flow. The thickness of the film is h. Assuming
that the atmosphere offers no shear resistance to the motion x
of the film, obtain an expression for the velocity distribution
across the film and show that
(1 / 3)
3Q
h h
g
where ν is the kinematic viscosity of the liquid, Q is the
volumetric flow rate per unit width of the plate and g is
acceleration due to gravity.
Workout Exercise 3 in 5 minutes!
= 860 kg/m3
Oil Skimmer Example
= 1x10-2 Ns/m2
An oil skimmer uses a 5 m wide x 6 m long moving belt
above a fixed platform (= 60º) to skim oil off of rivers (T
= 10ºC). The belt travels at 3 m/s. The distance between
the belt and the fixed platform is 2 mm. The belt
discharges into an open container on the ship. The fluid
is actually a mixture of oil and water. To simplify the
analysis, assume crude oil dominates. Find the
discharge and the power required to move the belt.
U h
l
y
x
R. Shanthini
g
05 April 2012
30º
Oil Skimmer Discharge = ?
N-S equation reduces to
p 2u
x - component: 2 g x 0
x y
p
y - component: g y 0
y
p
z - component: g z 0
z
No applied pressure gradient to drive the flow. Flow is driven by gravity
alone. Therefore, we get
2u d 2u g
x - component: gx sin (16)
y 2
dy 2
p
y - component: g y g cos
y
p
zR. -Shanthini
component: 0 p is not a function of z
05 April 2012
z
d 2u g Sign changes in the equation
sin (16)
dy 2
BC 1: At y = 0, u = 0 (no-slip boundary condition)
du
BC 2: At y = h, 0 (free-surface boundary condition)
dy
u=U (no-slip boundary condition)
du g
Integrating equation (16), we get
sin y A (17)
dy
g y2
Integrating equation (17), we get u sin Ay B (18)
2
g h U
Applying the BCs in (18), we get B = 0 and A sin
2 h
Therefore, equation (18) becomes
g hy y 2 U
u sin y (19)
2
2 h
Volumetric flow rate through one unit width fluid film along the z-direction is given by
h h h
g hy y 2 U
Q u dy sin dy y dy
2 2 h
0 0 0
gh3 Uh
Q sin (20)
12 2
(860 kg/m3 )(9.806 m/s2 )(0.002m)3 o (3 m/s)(0.002 m)
Q sin(30 )
(12)(10 2 Ns/m 2 ) 2
Q 0.000281 m 2 /s 0.003 m 2 /s 0.0027 m 2 /s per unit width of the belt
Q (0.0027 m 2 /s)(5 m) 0.0135 m 3/s
Oil Skimmer Power Requirements = ?
How do we get the power requirement?
Power = Force x Velocity [N·m/s]
What is the force acting on the belt?
Shear force (·L · W)
Equation for shear?
=(du/dy)
Evaluate=(du/dy) at the moving belt
g hy y 2 U
u sin y (19)
2
2 h
du g h U
sin y
dy 2 h
At the moving belt
du h U
at the belt g sin
dy at y h 2 h
3 2 0.002m (10 2 Ns/m 2 )(3 m/s)
at the belt (860 kg/m )(9.806 m/s )(0.5)
2 (0.002 m)
at the belt 4.21 kg/m.s2 15 kg/m.s2 19.21 kg/m.s2 = 19.21 N/m2
Power = shear force at the belt * L * W * U
= (19.21 N/m2) (6 m) (5 m) (3 m/s)
= 1.73 kW
To reduce the power requirement,
decrease the shear force
d 2 u V du
Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a
dy 2 dy
Newtonian fluid over a porous plate sucking the fluid
Exercise 4:
An incompressible, viscous fluid (of kinematic viscosity ν) flows between
two straight walls at a distance h apart. One wall is moving at a constant
velocity U in x-direction while the other is at rest as shown in the figure.
The flow is caused by the movement of the wall. The walls are porous and
a steady uniform flow is imposed across the walls to create a constant
velocity V through the walls. Assuming fully developed flow, show that
the velocity profile is given by
1 exp(Vy / )
u U
1 exp(Vh / ) V
U
Also, show that U v
h
(i) u approaches Uy/h for small V, and y u
(ii) u approaches U exp V h y / for very z
x
large Vh/ν.
Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow done
Step 2: Choose the coordinate system done
Step 3: Decide upon the functional dependence of the velocity components
Steady, fully developed flow and therefore no change in time and in the flow
direction. Channel is not bounded in the z-direction and therefore nothing
happens in the z-direction. x direction : u function( y )
y direction :
z direction :
v function( y )
w0 } (1)
Step 4: Use the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates
V
u v w v U
0 0
x y z y U v
h
v constant or v 0 y u
z x
v V
The functional dependence of the velocity components
therefore reduces to
x direction: u = function of (y)
y direction:
z direction:
v=V
w=0 } (2)
Step 5: Using the N-S equation, we get
x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
R. Shanthini
05 April 2012
N-S equation therefore reduces to
u p 2u
x - component: V 2
y x y
p
y - component: g
y
p
z - component: 0
z
No applied pressure gradient to drive the flow. Flow is caused by the
movement of the wall. Therefore, we get
d 2 u V du
x - component: (3)
dy 2
dy
V
U
U v
h
y u
z x
d 2 u V du du V
where (3)
dy 2 dy dy
Equation (3) is a second order equation in u with respect to y. Therefore, we
require two boundary conditions (BC) of u with respect to y.
BC 1: At y = 0, u = 0 (no-slip boundary condition)
BC 2: At y = h, u = U (no-slip boundary condition)
du
Integrating equation (3), we get exp(y A) (4)
dy
1
Integrating equation (4), we get u exp(y A) B (5)
Applying the BCs in equation (5), we get
1
0 exp( A) B (6)
1
U exp(h A) B (7)
From equations (6) and (7), we get
U
exp( A)
exp(h ) 1
1 U
B exp( A)
exp(h ) 1
Substituting the above in equation (5), we get
U U 1 exp(y )
u exp(y ) U
exp(h ) 1 exp(h ) 1 1 exp(h )
1 exp(Vy / )
u U (8) V
1 exp(Vh / ) U
U v
h
y u
z x
1 exp(Vy / )
u U (8)
1 exp(Vh / )
(i) For small V, expand exp(Vy/ν) and exp(Vh/ν) using Taylor series as follows:
(Vy / ) 2 (Vy / ) 2
1 1 (Vy / )
2! 3! U
u
(Vh / ) 2 (Vh / ) 2
1 1 (Vh / )
2! 3!
For small V, we can ignore the terms with power. We then get
Vy / y
u U U
Vh / h V
U
Could you recognize the above profile?
U v
h
y u
z x
1 exp(Vy / )
u U (8)
1 exp(Vh / )
For very large Vh/ν, exp(Vh/ν) goes to infinity. Therefore. Divide equation (8) by
exp(Vh/ν). We then get
exp( Vh / ) exp(Vy / ) exp( Vh / )
u
exp( Vh / ) 1
For very large Vh/ν, exp(-Vh/ν) goes to zero. Therefore, we get
exp(Vy / ) exp(Vh / ) V
u U U
( 1)
U v
h
y u
u U exp V h y /
z x
