Operating Systems

MS. UMA.S
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
COMPUTER SCIENCE/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
TIRUPATTUR – 635901
 Unit I
Operating Systems Basics
 Unit I
 Basic Concepts of Operating System
 Services of Operating System
 Classification of Operating System
 Architecture and Design of an Operating System
 Process Management
 Introduction to Process-Process State
 PCB
 Process Scheduling
 Interprocess Communication
 Basic Concepts of Operating Systems

 Introduction
 Definition – OS
 Goals of OS
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 OPERATING SYSTEMS – OS
 An important part of almost every computer systems
A computer system can be divided into 4 components
 The hardware
 Operating system

 Application programs
 User
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 Hardware - CPU, memory and I/O devices –

 Provides the basic computing resources

 Application Programs - compilers, database

systems, games and business programs
 Define the ways in which these resources are used
to solve the computing problems of the users.
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 Users

 Many different users –people, machines, other

computers
 Trying to solve different problems
 Accordingly there may be many different applications
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 Operating System – controls and coordinates

 the use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 OS – Government
 Components of the computer systems
 Hardware

 Software

 Data

 OS provides the means for the proper use of these

resources in the operation of the computer system
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 Like government – OS provides no useful

function by itself.
 It simply provides an environment within which
other programs can do useful work
 Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 OS- viewed as an resource allocator

 Computer system has many resources that may be required to
solve a problem
 CPU time

 Memory space

 File storage spaces

 I/O devices …
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 OS acts as a manager of these resources and allocates

them to specific programs and users
 OS decides which requests are allocated resources to
operate the computer system efficiently and fairly
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 OS – control program
 OS – focuses on the need to control the various
I/O devices and user programs
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 Control Program controls the execution of user

programs to prevent error and improper use of
the computer.
 Concerns with the operation and control of
I/O devices.
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 Fundamental goal of computer systems is

 To execute user programs and to make solving user

problems easier

 Towards this goal, computer hardware is constructed.

 Since bare hardware alone is not particularly easy to

use; applications programs are developed.
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 These various programs require certain common

operations
 Controlling the I/O devices

 The common functions of controlling and allocating

resources – done by OS
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction
 Definition

 Is a program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware

 Purpose of OS

 To provide an environment in which a user can execute programs

 Two Goals of OS

 Primary Goal

 Secondary Goal
Basic Concepts of OS-Introduction

 Primary Goal :
 To make the computer system convenient to use.
[convenience for the user]

 Secondary Goal :
 To use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

[Efficient operation of computer system]

 Services of Operating System

 OS provides an environment for the execution of

program
 OS services are provided for the convenience of the
programmer to make the programming task easier.
Services of Operating System

 Program Execution :
 System must be able to load a program into
memory and to run it.
 Program must be able to end its execution either
normally or abnormally
Services of Operating System

 I/O Operations :
A running program may require I/O
 I/O may involve a file or an I/O device,
 Specific devices may require special function.

 File-System Manipulation :
 Programs need to read and write files, create and
delete files by name.
Services of Operating System

 Communication :
 One process needs to exchange information with
another process.
 Two major ways in which communication occurs
1) Communication takes place between processes executing
on the same computer

2) Communication takes place between processes executing

on different computer system through computer network
Services of Operating System
 Communications may be implemented via
Shared Memory or

Message passing
Services of Operating System

 Error detection
 OS needs to be aware of possible errors.

 Errors may occur in the

CPU

Memory hardware

I/O devices

User Programs

 For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to ensure
correct and consistent computing
Services of Operating System

 Resource Allocation
 Many different types of resources are managed by the
OS.
 When there are multiple users or multiple jobs
running at the same time, resources must be
allocated to each of them
Services of Operating System

Accounting

 To keep track
 which users used

 how much and what kinds of computer resources

 Record keeping may be for

 Accounting or accumulating usage statistics. (to improve
the computing services)
Services of Operating System

 Protection

 When several disjoint processes execute concurrently

 it should not be possible for one process to interfere with the
other or with the OS itself

 Protection involves ensuring that all access to system

resources is controlled.
 Security from outsiders is also important
 Requires authentication - Passwords
 Classification of Operating System

 Simple batch Systems

 Multiprogrammed Batched Systems
 Time-Sharing Systems
 Multiprocessor System
 Distributed Operating Systems
 Real Time Operating Systems
 Simple Batch Systems

 In this type of system, there is no direct interaction

between user and the computer.
 Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like
punch cards and submits it to the computer operator.
 To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are
batched together and run as a group.
 Then a special program, the monitor, manages the
execution of each program in the batch.
Simple Batch Systems

 In early computers, OS was fairly simple

 Major task : transfer control automatically from
one job to the next
 OS was always resident in the memory
Simple Batch Systems

Disadvantanges

In this execution environment,

 the CPU is often idle because the speeds of the I/O
devices are much slower than the speed of the CPU.

User has no direct interaction with the system.

Waiting time is more for a user/program.
No mechanism to prioritize processes.
Simple Batch systems – Memory Layout
 Multiprogrammed Batched Systems

 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of programs

simultaneously by a single processor.
 In multiprogramming, number of processes resides in main memory
at a time.
 The OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches from that
job to another job.
Multiprogrammed Batched Systems

 Hence in Multiprogramming system, CPU will

never be idle and keeps on processing.
 If several jobs are ready to run at the same
time, then system chooses which one to run
(using CPU Scheduling).
Multiprogrammed Batched Systems

Advantages

Efficient memory utilization

Throughput increases
CPU is never idle, so performance increases.
Waiting time is limited in multiprogramming.
Multiprogrammed Batched Systems

 Disadvantages

User can not interact directly with the system.

Multiprogrammed Batched Systems

 JOB SCHEDULING
 If several jobs are ready to be brought into memory
and when there is not enough room for all of them,
then the system must choose among them.
 Making this decision is job scheduling
 Multiprogrammed Batched Systems

 CPU SCHEDULING
 If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, the system
must choose among them.

 Making this decision is CPU scheduling

 Time-Sharing Systems

Multiprogramming systems provide an environment

in which various system resources like CPU,
memory, I/O devices were utilized effectively.
 Does not provide user interaction with the computer
system.
Time-Sharing Systems

Time sharing or multitasking is a logical

extension of multiprogramming.
user interacts with the system.
 Time-Sharing Systems

 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU

between them
 The switches occur so frequently that users can interact with

each program while it is running and

 User can assume that he is only working on the system, but

actually CPU is shared among different users.

 Time-Sharing Systems

 CPU time is shared by different processes - system is

called as time sharing system.
 The CPU scheduler selects a job from the ready queue and
switches the CPU to that job. When the time slot expired,
the CPU switches from this job to another job.
 The time slice is given by the OS for sharing CPU time
between processes.
Time-Sharing Systems

 Time sharing system uses

 CPU scheduling

 Multiprogramming

 Memory management scheme

 UNIX is a time shared system.

Time-Sharing Systems

 Advantages

The main advantage of time sharing system over

the batch system is,
 the user can interact with the job while it is
executing, but it is not possible in batch system.

Efficient CPU utilization

 Time-Sharing Systems

Disadvantages
 As numbers of users are interacting with the processor at the same time,

it is complex than multiprogrammed OS.

 System must have memory management and protection, since several jobs are

kept in memory at the same time.

 Disk management is also required.

 It provides mechanism for concurrent execution which requires complex CPU

scheduling scheme.
Multiprocessor System or Parallel Systems

 Single processor systems have only one CPU, however in

multiprocessor system have more than one processor.

 These systems are also known as parallel systems or tightly

coupled systems.
Multiprocessor System or Parallel Systems

 Here the processors share

 Computer Bus

 Memory

 Clock

 Peripheral Devices
Multiprocessor System or Parallel Systems

It is called parallel system, because numbers of processors are executing

their jobs in parallel.
A multiprocessor OS controls and manages hardware and software resources
 such that user can view the entire system as a powerful uniprocessor
system as he is not aware of multiprocessor system and interconnection
network.
Multiprocessor System or Parallel Systems

 Graceful degradation
 Ability to continue providing service to the level of surviving
hardware

 Fault-tolerant

 Systems designed for graceful degradation

Multiprocessor System or Parallel Systems

 The major issues of Multiprocessor OS are

 Process synchronization

 Task scheduling

 Memory management

 Security and protection,

 since main memory is shared among many physical processors.

Multiprocessor System or Parallel Systems

Multiprocessor systems can be

Symmetric Multiprocessing System
Each processor runs an identical copy of the OS and
these copies communicate with one another as
needed.
Multiprocessor System or Parallel Systems

 Asymmetric Multiprocessing Systems

Each processor is assigned a specific task

A master processor controls the system, others gets instruction

from master

Master-Slave relationship

Master Processor Schedules and allocates work to the slave

processors
Multiprocessor System or Parallel Systems

Advantages

Increased throughput
Economy of scale
Increased reliability
 Distributed Operating System

 Distributed OS are the OS for a network of autonomous

computers, connected by a communication network, that
follows message passing mechanism.

 In this system, processors cannot share memory or clock. Each

processor has its own local memory.

 The processors communicate with one another through various

communication lines such as high speed bus.

 Loosely Coupled Systems

Distributed Operating System

A distributed OS controls and manages the software and

hardware resources of a distributed system.

 When a program is executed on a distributed system, user is not

aware of where the program is executed, on which location etc..

 Processor in Distributed System varies in

Size and function
Distributed Operating System

 Processors are referred by different names

 Sites

 Nodes

 computers
 Distributed Operating System

 The basic design issue of distributed operating system

is:
 Process Synchronization
 Deadlock

 Inter process communication

 Memory Management
 CPU scheduling
Distributed Operating System

 Nearly all systems today are distributed in some

way i.e.
 They use email
 Access files over a network
 Receive audios and videos etc.

 Examples of distributed OS are Alpha, Amoeba,

Mach etc.
Distributed Operating System

Advantages

Resource sharing
Computation Speedup
Reliability

Communication
Distributed Operating System

Resource Sharing
Sharing of files at remote sites
Processing information in a distributed DB
Printing files at remote sites
 Distributed Operating System

Computation Speedup
Computation – partitioned into a number of Sub
computations
Runs Concurrently

If any site is currently overloaded with jobs, some of

them may be moved to other, lightly loaded sites
Load Sharing
 Distributed Operating System

Reliability

If one site fails in a distributed systems,

the remaining sites can continue operating.
 Distributed Operating System

 Communication

Processes at different sites can exchange

information
 Real-Time Operating System

Real-time systems is used when there are

rigid time requirements on the operation of
a processor or the flow of data.
Used as a control device in a dedicated
application
Real-Time Operating System

Systems that control

 scientific experiment

Medical imaging systems

Industrial control systems

Fuel-injection systems

Home-Appliances controllers

Weapon Systems
Real-Time Operating System

 Real-time systems are defined as those systems in

which
 the correctness of the system
 depends

 not only on the logical result produced,

 But

 also the time at which the result produced.

Real-Time Operating System

 RT System is considered to function correctly

only if it returns the correct result within any
time constraints
Real-Time Operating System

 User convenience and resource utilization are

secondary concern to these systems.
 Real time systems have many events that must
be accepted and processed in a short time or
within certain deadline.
 Real-Time Operating System

 RTOS – has well-defined constraints or the system

will fail.
 RT System is considered to function correctly
only if it returns the correct result within any
time constraints
Real-Time Operating System

 Such applications include:

 Rocket lunching
 Flight control
 Robotics

 Telephone switching equipment

 Fire and smoke sensor etc.
Real-Time Operating System

Real-time systems are classified into

two categories:
Hard Real-Time System
Soft Real-Time System
 Hard Real-Time System

A system is said to be hard real-time system if the

deadline is not met the system is said to have failed.
 Examples: : Industrial control applications
 On-board computers
  Robots

 These systems guarantee that critical tasks should be

completed on time.
 Soft Real-Time System

 A system is said to be soft real-time system, If a deadline is

missed, the system does not fail.

 Only the performance of the system is said to have degraded.

 The utility of a result decreases with time after the deadline.

 Examples: Railway reservation system, video on demand system