HOW BLO OD I S PR OPELLED TH RO UGH T HE
HUM AN CI RCULA TO RY SY STEM
HEART IS AN ORGAN THAT GENERATES THE PRESSURE TO PUMP
THE BLOOD.
THE HUMAN HEART HAS 4 CHAMBERS:
ATRIA (SINGLAR, ATRIUM) UPPER CHAMBERS WHICH RECEIVE BLOOD
RETURNING TO THE HEART.
2 VENTRICLES (LOWER CHAMBER) WHICH PUMP BLOOD OUT OF THE
HEART.
THE SEPTUM SEPARATES THE RIGHT & LEFT CHAMBERS.
THE VALVE IN HEART ENSURE BLOOD FLOWS ONLY IN ONE
DIRECTION. THERE ARE 3 VALVES.
2 SEMILUNAR VALVE – 1 AT THE BASE OF AORTA & 1 MORE AT
PULMONARY ARTERY.
BICUSPID VALVE- THE VALVE BETWEEN THE LEFT ATRIUM & LEFT
VENTRICLE.
TRICUSPOD VALVE- THE VALVE BETWEEN RIGHT ATRIUM & LEFT
VENTRICLE.
THE RIGHT PUMP DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LUNGS
THE LEFT PUMP OXYGENATED BLOOD TO OTHER PARTS OF BODY.
TH E P UMP ING OF THE HEAR T
SAN (SINO-ATRIAL NODE) LOCATED AT THE RIGHT ATRIAL WALL
NEAR THE ENTRANCE OF ANTERIOR VENA CAVA.
FUNCTION TO GENERATE A WAVE OF EXCITATORY IMPULSES
WHICH SPREAD TO ATRIA, CAUSING THEM TO CONTRACT
SIMULTANEOUSLY. HENCE BLOOD IS FORCE TO THE
VENTRICLES.
FROM SAN IMPULSES ARE RELAYD TO AVN(ATRIO-
VENTRICULAR NODE) LYING AT THE BASE OF RIGHT ATRIUM.
IMPULSE FROM AVN ARE CONDUCTED BY SPECIAL MUSCLE
CALLED BUNDLE OF HIS & PURKINJE FIBRES TO VENTRICULAR
WALLS. THIS WILL CAUSE CONTRACTION OF BOTH VENTRICLES
TO PUMP BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART.
THE RIGHT VENTRICLE PUMP BLOOD INTO PULMONARY
ARTERY & FORCES BLOOD TO LUNGS.
HO W D OE S THE BLOOD IN V EINS
FLOW BACK TO T HE HE ART ?
THE PUMPING OF HEART GENERATES SUFFICIENT FORCE TO
MOVE BLOOD THROUGH ARTERIES, ARTERIOLES &
CAPILLARIES.
HOWEVER WHEN BLOOD REACHES VEINS THE PRESSURE IS
INSUFFICIENT.
SKELETAL MUSCLES AROUND THE VEIN CONTRACT, THE
VEIN CONSTRICT, THE BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES FORCE
OPEN THE VALVE & PUSHES THE BLOOD TOWARDS THE
HEART.
THE VALVE MAKE SURE BLOOD FLOWS IN ONE WAY.
THE HEART RATE MAY BE MODIFIED BY EXTERNAL
FACTORS. THE SYMPHATHETIC NERVE WILL INCREASE THE
HEART RATE WHEN THEREARE SECRETION OF ADRENALIN
HORMONE, INCREASE IN PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IN
BLOOD & BODY TEMPERATURE INCREASE.
* WHAT IS CARDIAC CYLE?
REGULATORY MECHANISM OF BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE
The force that pumps blood along the arteries and the capillaries.
Blood flows from areas of higher Normal blood pressure is 120
pressure to areas of lowest pressure. (systolic)/80(diastolic) mm Hg
Arterial blood pressure is highest during
Blood pressure is greater ventricular systole (contraction) and
in arteries than in veins. lowest during diastole (relaxation)
Regulating by a negative feedback mechanism. monitor the
• baroreceptors (pressure receptor) – in the wall of the aorta pressure of
• carotid arteries (in the neck that supply blood to the brain) blood – body
& brain.
when blood pressure , baroreceptors are stimulated & impulses are sent to the
cardiovascular control system in m.oblongata parasympathetic nerve slows down the
heartbeat
when blood pressure , SAN is stimulated by the sympathetic nerve. contraction of cardiac
muscles of the heart.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN FISH, AMPHIBIANS AND HUMAN
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
AMPHIBIANS HUMAN
FISH
• fully divided four chambered
• Consisting of two separate • Three chambered heart heart which acts as two
chamber (an atrium & a ventricle) (2 atria & a ventricle which separate pumps.
• deoxygenated blood enter the are not separated by septum) • prevent the mixing of
atrium & ventricle. • oxygenated blood is mixed oxygenated & deoxygenated
with deoxygenated blood. blood.
• on land : amphibians • to ensure an efficient and
pumps the blood – capillaries
(in the gills)- gaseous Breathe air into the lungs for rapid delivery of highly
exchange. gaseous exchange. oxygenated blood to the body
• in the water : the ventricle • Separation of the right & left
• oxygenated blood leaves the gills
diverts the blood from the chambers prevents high
& flows directly to the body tissue.
lungs to the body tissue blood pressure from
• Then the deoxygenated blood
flows back to the heart. damaging the fine capillaries
Double closed circulatory of the lungs.
Single closed circulatory system system (two separate circuit) Double closed circulatory
(blood flows through only once) system (through the heart
pulmonary systemic twice during one complete
cycle)
