Manufacturing of High Octane
Gasoline from Crude Oil
Through Catalytic Cracking and
Isomerization
M Fadhlirrahman H - 1906317745
M Azhari - 1906318003
INTRODUCTION
What is gasoline and what are its usage?
Gasoline, also spelled gasolene, also called gas or petrol, mixture of volatile, flammable liquid
hydrocarbons derived from petroleum and used as fuel for internal-combustion engines. The standard
chemical formula for hydrocarbons in gasoline is CnH2n+2 for example : n-Heptane which is C7H16
It is also used as a solvent for oils and fats.
Originally a by-product of the petroleum industry (kerosene being the principal product), gasoline
became the preferred automobile fuel because of its high energy of combustion and capacity to mix
readily with air in a carburetor.
Combustion of gasoline in internal combustion
engines
-Gasoline (or any petroleum fuel) is mostly carbon that when burned releases energy in the form of
heat. This heat energy makes the engine run and allows it to do work.
-Example of chemical equation :
C8H18 + 12.5 O2 → 8 CO2 + 9 H2O (ideal condition)
If you burn gasoline with air instead of oxygen
(assuming 21% oxygen 79% nitrogen):
C8H18 + 12.5 (O2 + 3.76 N2) → 8 CO2 + 9H2O + 47 N2
Demand of Gasoline
The demand of gasoline is parallel with the frequency of public of private
transportation used every each year.
In Indonesia the typical daily consumption of gasoline is 134 million liters
By the 9th of april Indonesia's daily consumption of transport fuels like gasoline
dropped nearly 16% to 113 million liters due to the stay at home guidelines caused by
the pandemic.
MAIN POINT 1
Formula of Petrol
Gasoline ranges between C4 and C12 carbon atoms. The standard chemical formula for
petrol is CnH2n+2. This formula refers to alkanes, and the chemical formula for petrol can be
altered when it consists of different gases. For example the gasoline that you put in your
petrol motor C5H12 - C7H16
C5H12 - C7H16
N-heptane is more compatible with isooctane compared to octane, even
though isooctane and octane share the same number of carbons. since
isooctane is a branched hydrocarbon, its boiling point and reactivity is more
simillar with n-heptane.
n-Heptane
Boiling point : 98,42°C
Gasoline Components characteristics
Characteristics shared isooctane N-Heptane
slow combustion ✔ ✔
low temperature multistage ✔ ✔
ignition
damped and periodic cool flames ✔ ✔
“jumps” and high temperature ✔ ✔
ignitions
Simillar boiling points ✔ ✔
Octane Rating properties
An octane rating, or octane number, is a standard measure of the
performance of an engine or aviation fuel.
The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand
before detonating (igniting). Fuels with a higher octane rating are used in
high-performance gasoline engines that require higher compression ratios.
The most common type of octane rating worldwide is the Research Octane
Number (RON). RON is determined by running the fuel in a test engine with a
variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing the
results with those for mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane.
Knocking
Knocking on the engine (knocking) occurs when gasoline does not burn at the
right time so that it disrupts the piston movement in the engine.
Good gasoline does not produce a knock. Good quality gasoline, can be known
from the octane content. The higher the octane, the better the quality.
Comparison between Petroleum and Diesel
(refinery processing)
Petrol is made of a mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes with a chain length of between 5-12
carbon atoms. These boil between 40°C and 205°C
Gas oil or Diesel is made alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms. These have a boiling
point between 250°C and 350°C
Dodecane
PROPERTIES Diesel Gasoline/petrol
Made from Petrolium/crude oil Petrolium/crude oil
Made by Fractional distillation Fractional distillation
Energy content 35.8 MJ/L; 48 MJ/kg 34.2 MJ/L; 46.4 MJ/kg
CO2 emission More than Lower than diesel.
gasoline(petrol).
Type of vechile More than
gasoline(petrol).
MAIN POINT 2
What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon
deposits and other organic materials. The hydrocarbon being alkanes with the chemical
formula of CnH2n+2 for example : n-Heptane which is C7H16
A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such as gasoline,
diesel, and various other forms of petrochemicals.
Between 50% and 97% of oil is hydrocarbons. Between 6% and 10% of it is nitrogen,
oxygen, and sulfur. Less than 1% is metals such as copper, nickel, vanadium, and iron.
The making of gasoline
Gasoline was at first produced by distillation, simply separating the volatile, more valuable fractions of
crude petroleum. Later processes, designed to raise the yield of gasoline from crude oil, split large
molecules into smaller ones by processes known as cracking.
catalytic cracking, the application of catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions producing more gasoline.
Other methods used to improve the quality of gasoline and increase its supply
isomerization the conversion of straight-chain hydrocarbons to branched-chain hydrocarbons.
Catalytic Cracking
The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of solid acid catalysts, usually silica-alumina and
zeolites. The catalysts promote the formation of carbocations, which undergo processes of
rearrangement and scission of C-C bonds.
Fluid catalytic cracking is a commonly used process, and a modern oil refinery will typically include a
cat cracker, particularly at refineries in the US, due to the high demand for gasoline.
The relationship between catalytic cracking
with octane numbers
In cracking, high molecular weight fractions and catalysts are heated to the
point where the carbon-carbon bond breaks. Compared to the same type of
compounds, a molecule with a smaller carbon number has a higher octane
value. Products from the reaction include alkenes and alkanes with lower
molecular weights than those appearing in the original fraction. . alkanes from
the cracking reaction are added to gasoline to increase the gasoline yield from
crude oil.
Diagram of Catalytic Cracking
Catalytic Cracking Mechanism
The zeolite catalyst has sites
which can remove a hydrogen
from an alkane together with
the two electrons which bound
it to the carbon. That leaves the
carbon atom with a positive
charge. Ions like this are called
carbonium ions (or
carbocations).
Isomerization
Isomerization is a process by
which straight-chain alkanes are
converted to branched-chain
alkanes that can be blended in
petrol to improve its octane rating
(in the presence of finely
dispersed platinum on an
aluminum oxide catalyst).
CLOSING
Development of Petroleum refinery
● The use of thermal cracking units to convert Crude oil into gasoline dates from before 1920.
These units produced large amounts of by-product coke. It succeeded in providing a small
increase in gasoline yields.
● commercialization of the fluid catalytic cracking process in 1942 established the foundation of
modern petroleum refining. Use of a catalyst in the cracking reaction increases the yield of
high-quality products under much less severe operating conditions than in thermal cracking
Will Fossil Fuel run out ?
Globally, we currently consume the equivalent of over 11 billion tonnes of oil from fossil fuels
every year. Crude oil reserves are vanishing at a rate of more than 4 billion tonnes a year –
so if we carry on as we are, our known oil deposits could run out in just over 53 years.
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