TO

GURUKUL
TRAINING
SESSION
 The topic of this
Transformers
Transformers
 session ,,
HT
HTBreakers
Breakers
&&
SLD
SLDOF
OF

POWER
POWER
Trainer : SYSTEM
SYSTEM
S. S. Sinha
 TRANSFORMER
A TRANSFORMER is a static device that transfers
power from one circuit to another circuit by
electromagnetic induction Effect. The electrical
power is always transferred without a change in
frequency, but may involve changes in magnitude
of voltage or current or both.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
The main principle of operation of a transformer is based
on mutual inductance between two circuits which is
linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer
consists of two coils that are electrically separate and
inductive, but are magnetically linked through a path of
inductance.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER

 The Main Tank

The Conservator
The Buchholz Relay
The Radiators
The Pressure Release Valve
The Bushings LV and HV
The Core
The Winding
Transformer Oil
The tap Changer
 Possible Faults on Transformer
SL. No. Faults Reason Protection
1. Over It's an excess of current—or amperage—in an
Current electrical circuit. An over current can be caused
by overloading the circuit or by a short
circuiting, a ground fault, or an arc fault.
2. Earth Earth Fault occurs whenever a live wire is
Fault connected to ground  because of some
problem in the electrical system. Like any
other electrical equipment, the live wire in
a transformer is protected or insulated from
the ground by insulation. The insulating
media is mainly paper and oil insulation.
3. Buchholz Buchholz relay is used for the protection of
Relay – transformers from the faults occurring inside
Alarm / the transformer. Short circuit faults such as inter
Trip turn faults, incipient winding faults, and core
faults may occur due to the impulse breakdown
of the insulating oil or simply the transformer
oil.
SL. No. Faults Reason Remedy
4. OTI – Alarm / The WTI means winding temperature
Trip Indicator and OTI means Oil
Temperature Indicator which indicates
the winding temperature & oil
temperature of the transformer
and operates the alarm, trip. This
WTI – Alarm / instrument operates on the principle of
5. thermal imaging and it is not an actual
Trip
measurement.

6. PRV Trip Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) trips

when you are having too much gas
pressure within the transformer oil
conservator. Gas pressure increases
in transformer for two reasons. ...
When transformer is overloaded the
winding heats up and the oil expands
in that heat. Oil travels upward into
the oil conservator.
 ROUTINE TEST OF TRANSFORMER

1. Insulation Resistance (IR value)Test

2. Polarization Index (PI Value) Test
3. Ratio Test
4. Magnetic Voltage Balance Test
5. Magnetic Current Balance Test
6. High voltage Test
7. Transformer Oil / Insulating Oil Test
8. Winding Resistance Test
1. Insulation Resistance (IR value)Test
Procedure
 FACTORS AFFECTING ON IR VALUE OF
TRANSFORMER
1. The IR value of Transformer are influenced by surface
condition of the terminal bushing.
2. Quality of oil.
3. Quality of Winding Insulation
4. Temperature of Oil.
5. Duration of application and value of Test Voltage.
Transformer Megger Min IR value Liquid
Coil Voltage Size Filled T/C
0 – 600 V 1 KV 100 MΩ
600 – 5 KV 2.5 KV 1000 MΩ
5 KV – 15 KV 5 KV 5000 MΩ
15KV – 69 KV 5 KV 10000 MΩ
 2. POLARIZATION INDEX TEST (PI
VALUE TEST)
Both Insulation Resistance Test (IR Value Test ) and
Polarization Index Test ( PI Value Test) are Connected
on HV Machine to determine service condition of the
Insulation. In HV Machines and winding are likely to
be affected by moisture and Contamination.
MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE:-
3. TRANSFORMER RATIO TEST PROCEDURE
1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the
lowest position and LV terminals are kept open.
2. Then apply 3-phase 415 V supply on HV terminals.
3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals,
the tap changer of transformer should be raised by
one position and repeat test.
 BALANCE TEST PROCEDURE
Test procedure :-
1. Connect single phase 230 V supply between first and second phase
of primary side of Transformer ( Between 1U & 1V)
2. Measure voltages between 1U-1V, 1V- 1W and 1W-1U
3. Similarly measure voltages between 2U-2N, 2V-2N and 2W-2N
4. Then connect single phase supply between second and third phase
on primary side (Between 1V- 1W) and repeat test.
 5. MAGNETISING CURRENT BALANCE TEST
PROCEDURE

For Example:-
 6. TRANSFORMER HIGH VOLTAGE TEST
PROCEDURE

For Example:-
For Example:- 7.TRANSFORMER
OIL TEST
8.TRANSFORMER WINDING RESISTANCE TEST
The transformer winding resistances can be
measured by current voltage method. In this method
of measurement of winding resistance,
the test current is injected to the winding and
corresponding voltage drop across the winding is
measured.
 CONDITION FOR VECTOR GROUP PROVED
For example : - Vector group Dyn11
 Precausions of Transformer
SL. No. Faults Do’s Don’ts
1. Over 1. If breaker is tripped on O/C & E/F it 1. If second time O/C
Current / should be check for reasons of O/C & E/F
& E/F occurs then do
Earth 2. Check O/C in relay that how much
fault exceed of O/C setting. not charge the
3. After checking setting if current gone transformer and go to
high the after re-setting of relay transformer the testing.
can be charge.

2. PRV / 1. Check the gases in Buchholz relay.

2. If gases present in sufficient form
1. If accumulated gases
Buchholz are sufficient then
Trip then try to collect in gas bladder and transformer should not
to be tested for gas analysis. be charged.
3. Transformer to be tested for
following:- a) Ratio Test b)
Magnetizing balance test and c)
winding resistance test

3. OTI / 1. If alarm comes OTI/WTI then should

be check for not repetition of temp.
1. If temp. Is more than
WTI Trip Transformer should not
Rise. charge more than the set
2. If tripped transformer on OTI/WTI value.
then the temp. Of oil can be allowed to
cool down for a reasonable value, then
only transformer can be charge.
 Precautions During Charging / Commissioning of Transformer
1. To be Check IR and PI Value of Transformer

Applied Megger Voltage = 5 KV

Minimum IR / PI Value for 1 MVA & above Transformer
IR Value PI Value
Phase - 11 KV 33 KV 132KV 11 KV 33 KV 132 KV
Earth ≤ 500 MΩ ≤ 1000 MΩ ≤ 2000 MΩ 1.4 1.4 1.4

2. To be Check BDV of Transformer Oil

At Gap of 2.4 mm

11 KV 33 KV 132 KV
≤ 50 KV ≤ 60 KV ≤ 70 KV

2.4 mm
 Precautions During Charging / Commissioning of Transformer
3. To be Check Trip Circuit of Transformer
a) Buchholz Relay – Alarm & Trip
b) PRV - Trip
c) WTI - Alarm & Trip , Alarm Setting = 75°C & Trip Setting = 85°C
d) OTI - Alarm & Trip , Alarm Setting = 70°C & Trip Setting = 80°C
e) MOG - Alarm

4. Relay Setting
a) Over Current
b) Instantaneous Over Current
c) Earth Fault – 1st Stage and 2nd Stage

5. To be check IR value of connective HT cable and Breaker

6. Air must be release of Top Cove, Buchholz Relay & Bushings of

Transformer just before of Charging.
 Prevention of Transformer Failure
1. Oil BDV Checking Monthly basis
2. Transformer IR & PI value checking during shut-down or
any opportunity and also IR value check connective cable
&Breaker.
3. Monitor & to avoid over loading of Transformer.
4. Tripping of LV & HV Breaker s connected to this
Transformer, to be checked thoroughly & relays to be tested
or calibrated time to time.
5. If Transformer Tripped on E/F , Buchholz or PRV , can be
checked for
- IR & PI Value
- BDV of Oil
- Ratio Test
- Magnetic Balance Test
- Winding Resistance Test

***** If all these parameters are OK , then only can be charged.

Any Quires or Doubt
about Transformer?

so continued….. next topic