CHM1102
Bonding
Lecture 15
Patrick
Ketwaru
Chemical
• Bonding
A chemical reaction between two elements or molecules leads
to
the formation of chemical bonds
• New chemical compounds are formed
• Chemical bonds formed are between atoms or ions
– H2O has covalent bonds between the H and O atoms
– O-H bonds
– NaCl has ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- ions
• Chemical bonds are found within the compounds
• Chemical bonds are usually very strong
• Much energy is usually needed to break a chemical bond
– Bond dissociation energy
• There are other inter molecular attractions that are sometimes
called bonds, van der Waal’s, dipole attraction
Types of Chemical
• Bonds
Ionic bonds
– Between ions
– The elements exhibit electrovalence
– Between metal and non-metals
• Covalent bonds
– Mainly between non-metals
– Sharing of electron in bonds
– Element exhibit covalence
• Metallic bonds
– Occurs in pure metals or alloys
• Coordinate (or dative) covalent
bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
Valenc
• e
Valence is a special property of each element
• It controls the combining ability of elements in
bond formation
• It is caused by the electrons present in the
valence shell of the element
• The valence shell is the outermost shell of the
atom
• When a chemical bond is formed the outermost
shell likes to have an octet (8) of electrons
• If hydrogen is involved then the outer shell will
have a duet (2) electrons for the hydrogen atom
Valence
Electrons
Ionic Bond
•
two
Formation
An ionic bond is caused by the electrostatic attraction between
ions
• Ionic bonds usually forms between a metal and a non-metal
• The metal gives up its valence electron(s) to the non-metal
which
causes the metal to become positively charged
• On accepting the electron(s) into its valence shell the non-metal
becomes negatively charged
• The positive and negative charges attract each other (similar to
the opposite poles of a magnet)
• M → M+ + e-
• X + e- → X-
• M+ + X- → MX
• These ionic compounds are usually crystals and do not have
discreet number of particles just the ratio and spatial
relationship are discreet
Ionic Bond
Formation
Ionic
Bond
Covalent
• Bond
Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of
valence electrons between two atoms
• These atoms are either nonmetals or metalloids
• If one of the atoms is hydrogen then only two shared
electrons will satisfy the duet requirement for
hydrogen
• The other atom however will have to get the octet
of electrons in its valence shell
• It will bond with other atoms until this octet is
fulfilled
• Covalent bonds could be
– Single bond (1 pair of electrons)
– Double bond (2 pairs of electrons)
– Triple bond (3 pairs of electrons)
Metallic
• Bonding
Caused by the delocalized valence electrons
which form a sea of electrons around the
individual metal ions
• These electrons behave like there are many
dynamic bonds between the neighbouring
atoms
• This accounts for the electrical and
thermal conduction, ductility and
malleability
Coordinate Covalent
• Bond
Formed when one entity with a lone pair
donates both electrons for the covalent
bond
• NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl (s)
Hydrogen
• Bond
The hydrogen bond is not a true chemical bond
• This is a special case of intermolecular force
• Strong dipole-dipole interaction
• It usually forms between hydrogen attached to
oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine
• This bond is responsible for many of the important
biological and other physical characteristics in nature
Bond
Strength
• Bond strength is generally based on the nature
of the bond but individual bonds may be
stronger based on the atoms involved
• Bond strength for covalent bonds are
measured by the bond dissociation energy
• For covalent bonds the shorter the bond
the stronger is the bond
• Bond strength of ionic compounds is
measured by the lattice energy of the
compound
Covalent Bond
• Length
Covalent bond length is the distance between
the centers of the nuclei of the atoms forming
the bond
• Covalent Radius is half of the bond length
Formal
• Formal chargeCharge
is used to get an idea of how a
particular atom relates with the electrons in a
compound
• It gives an idea of the individual atom’s reactivity
• The formal charge on an atom in a molecule reflects
the electrons associated with the atom compared to
the isolated atom.
• If the atom has given away electrons it will be +ve and if it
has gained electrons it will be -ve.
• Formal charge can be calculated for each atom
in a molecule based on a simple mathematical
equation.
Calculating Formal
Charge
