COMPUTER NETWORK
Shabir Ali, Assistant Professor,
GLNA Institute of technology.
Data Communication
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The Exchange of information or data
between two devices via some form
of transmission medium such as wire
cable.
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Component
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Message
Sender
Receiver
Transmission Medium
Protocol
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Data Representation
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Text
Number
Images
Audio
Video
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Data Flow
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Simplex--- One-Way for ex. Monitor,
printer etc.
Half Duplex– one can send at a time
for ex. Walkie-Takie
Full Duplex– both can receive and
send data simultaneously. For Ex.
Telephone.
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Physical Structure
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Type of Connection
Point to Point
The entire capacity of entire channel is reserved
Multipoint
The capacity of channel shared.
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Physical Topology
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Mesh Topology
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Physical Topology
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Star Topology
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Physical Topology
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Bus Topology
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Physical Topology
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Ring Topology
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Physical Topology
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Hybrid Topology
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Catagories of network
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LAN (Local Area Network)
With in building, office or campus.
LAN size is limited to few kilometers
Early LAN had 4-16 Mbps range
Today 100-1000 Mbps.
MAN(Metropolitan)
WAN (Wide Area network)
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MAN
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Town or cities, Regional offices
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WAN(Wide Area Network)
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LAN
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A local area network is a communication network
that interconnects a variety of data communicating
devices within a small geographic area and
broadcasts data at high data transfer rates with very
low error rates
Since the local area network first appeared in the
1970s, its use has become widespread in
commercial and academic environments
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Primary Function of Local Area Networks
(continued)
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Connecting Devices
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Hubs/ layer 1 switch
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Hub interconnects two or more workstations into a
local area network
When a workstation transmits to a hub, hub
immediately resends the data frame out to all
connecting links
Layer 1 switch
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Hubs (continued.. )
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Hubs are classified as Layer 1 (physical layer)
devices in the OSI model. At the physical layer,
hubs support little in the way of sophisticated
networking. Hubs do not read any of the data
passing through them and are not aware of their
source or destination. A hub simply receives
incoming Ethernet frames, regenerates the
electrical signal, and broadcasts these packets out
to all other devices on the network.
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Hubs (continued.. )
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HUB(continued..)
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A network hub, or repeater, is a fairly
unsophisticated network device. Hubs do not
manage any of the traffic that comes through them.
Any packet entering a port is broadcast out or
"repeated" on every other port, except for the port
of entry. Since every packet is repeated on every
other port, packetcollisions result, which slows
down the network.
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Bridges/ Layer 2 switch
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A bridge (or bridge-like device) can be used to
connect two similar LANs, such as two CSMA/CD
LANs
Can also be used to connect two closely similar
LANs, such as a CSMA/CD LAN and a token ring
LAN.
Examines destination address in a frame and either
forwards this frame onto next LAN or does not
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Bridges (continued)
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Examines source address in a frame and places this
address in a routing table, to be used for future
routing decisions
A network bridge, operating at the
Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer of the data
link layer, may interconnect a small number of
devices in a home or the office. This is a trivial
case of bridging, in which the bridge learns the
MAC address of each connected device.
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Bridges (continued)
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Transparent Bridge
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A bridge observes each frame that arrives at a port,
extracts the source address from the frame, and
places that address in the port’s routing table
A transparent bridge is found with CSMA/CD
LANs
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Transparent Bridge (continued)
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Transparent Bridge (continued)
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Switches (Layer 2)
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A combination of hub and bridge
Can interconnect two or more workstations, but like a
bridge, it observes traffic flow and learns
When a frame arrives at a switch, switch examines
destination address and forwards frame out the one
necessary connection
Workstations that connect to a hub are on a shared
segment
Workstations that connect to a switch are on a switched
segment
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Switches (continued)
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Switches (continued)
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Router / layer 3 switch
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Routers forward data packets across computer
networks.
If the router finds a match in its address tables,
it routes it to that destination address.
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Router (continued)
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Router table
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Source Destination Network Network Source Destin. Port or
Address Address id Mask Physical Physical Interfac
Address Address e
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Network
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Virtual LANs
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Virtual LAN (VLAN) – logical subgroup within a
LAN that is created via switches and software
rather than by manually moving wiring from one
network device to another
Even though employees and their actual computer
workstations may be scattered throughout the
building, LAN switches and VLAN software can
be used to create a “network within a network”
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Wired Ethernet
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Most common form of LAN today
Star-wired bus is most common topology but bus
topology still not totally dead yet
Comes in many forms depending upon medium
used and transmission speed and technology
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Wired Ethernet (continued)
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Originally, CSMA/CD was 10 Mbps
Then 100 Mbps was introduced
Most NICs sold today are 10/100 Mbps
Then 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) was introduced
10 Gbps is now being installed in high-end
applications
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Wired Ethernet (continued)
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1000 Mbps introduces a few interesting wrinkles:
Transmission is full-duplex (separate transmit and
receive), thus no collisions
Prioritization is possible using 802.1p protocol
Topology can be star or mesh (for trunks)
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Wired Ethernet (continued)
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OSI Model
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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of
internationally recognized, non-proprietary
standards for networking and for operating system
involved in networking functions.
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7 Layers
7. Application Layer
All
6. Presentation Layer People
7. Session Layer Seem
8. Transport Layer To
9. Network Layer Need
10. Data Link Layer Data
11. Physical Layer Processing
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Tasks involved in sending letter
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LAYER 7 – The APPLICATION Layer
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The top layer of the OSI model
Provides a set of interfaces for sending and
receiving applications to gain access to and use
network services, such as: networked file transfer,
message handling and database query processing.
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Application Layer
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Network virtual terminal
File transfer, access and management
Mail services
Directory services
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The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
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LAYER 6 – The PRESENTATION Layer
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Manages data-format information for networked communications
(the network’s translator)
For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic format for
network transmission; for incoming messages, it converts data from
the generic network format to a format that the receiving application
can understand
This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions,
data encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression
A special software facility called a “redirector” operates at this
layer to determine if a request is network related on not and forward
network-related requests to an appropriate network resource
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Presentation layer
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Translation
Encryption
Compression
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The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
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LAYER 5 – The SESSION Layer
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Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing
communications (called a session) across a network
Applications on either end of the session are able to
exchange data for the duration of the session
This layer is: Responsible for initiating, maintaining
and terminating sessions
Responsible for security and access control to session
information (via session participant identification)
Responsible for synchronization services, and for
checkpoint services
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Dialog Control
Synchronization
Check point
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The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
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LAYER 4 – The TRANSPORT Layer
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Manages the transmission of data across a network
Manages the flow of data between parties by
segmenting long data streams into smaller data chunks
(based on allowed “packet” size for a given transmission
medium)
Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the
receiving end
Provides acknowledgements of successful
transmissions and requests resends for packets which
arrive with errors
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The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
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LAYER 3 – The NETWORK Layer
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Handles addressing messages for delivery, as well as
translating logical network addresses and names into their
physical counterparts
Responsible for deciding how to route transmissions
between computers
This layer also handles the decisions needed to get
data from one point to the next point along a network
path
This layer also handles packet switching and network
congestion control
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The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
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LAYER 2 – The DATA LINK Layer
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Handles special data frames (packets) between
the Network layer and the Physical layer
At the receiving end, this layer packages raw
data from the physical layer into data frames for
delivery to the Network layer
At the sending end this layer handles
conversion of data into raw formats that can be
handled by the Physical Layer
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The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
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LAYER 1 – The PHYSICAL Layer
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Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing
messages
Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming
messages
This layer manages the interface between the the
computer and the network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.)
This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media
attachment unit, ex. network interface cards (NICs,
modems, etc.)) what needs to be sent across the medium
The bottom layer of the OSI model
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The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
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Remember
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A convenient aid for remembering the OSI layer
names is to use the first letter of each word in the
phrase:
All People Seem To Need Data Processing
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TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP Model
OSI & TCP/IP Models
OSI: Open Systems Interconnect
OSI and Protocol Stack
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OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols
7th
Application Layer
6th
Presentation Layer Application Layer
5th
Session Layer
4th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer
2nd
Link Layer
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer
Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card
Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing
Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts
Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application
Adressing
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Class A 1byte net id and 3 byte for host id.
Class B 2 for net id and 2 for host id
Class C for 3 for net id and 1 for host id
Class D for multicast.
Class E reserved for future use.
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