English Integrated Skills

English 1
Subject:
The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that is performing the action
of the sentence. The subject represents what or whom the sentence is about. The
simple subject usually contains a noun or pronoun and can include modifying
words, phrases, or clauses.
The man . . .
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PREDICATE
The predicate expresses action or being within the
sentence. The simple predicate contains the verb and can
also contain modifying words, phrases, or clauses.
The man /  builds a house.
The subject and predicate make up the two basic structural parts
of any complete sentence. In addition, there are other elements,
contained within the subject or predicate, that add meaning or
detail. These elements include the direct object, indirect object,
and subject complement. All of these elements can be expanded
and further combined into simple, compound, complex, or
compound/complex sentences.
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 DIRECT OBJECT
 The direct object receives the action of the sentence. The direct object is
usually a noun or pronoun.
 The man builds a house. 
 The man builds it.
 INDIRECT OBJECT
 The indirect object indicates to whom or for whom the action of the sentence is
being done. The indirect object is usually a noun or pronoun.
 The man builds his family a house. 
 The man builds them a house.
 SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
 A subject complement either renames or describes the subject, and therefore is
usually a noun, pronoun, or adjective. Subject complements occur when there
is a linking verb within the sentence (often a linking verb is a form of the
verb to be).
 The man is a good father. (father = noun which renames the subject)
 The man seems kind. (kind = adjective which describes the subject)
 Note: As an example of the difference between parts of speech and parts of a sentence,
a noun can function within a sentence as subject, direct object, indirect object, object
of a preposition, or subject complement
Types of Sentences
 Declarative sentence
 Imperative sentence
 Interrogative sentence
 Exclamatory sentence
 And there are only three punctuation marks with which to end a sentence:
 Period
 Question mark
 Exclamation point
 What is a declarative sentence?
 A declarative sentence simply makes a statement or expresses an opinion. In
other words, it makes a declaration. This kind of sentence ends with a period.
 Examples of this sentence type:
 “I want to be a good writer.”  (makes a statement)
 “My friend is a really good writer.” (expresses an opinion)
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 Declarative sentence
 Imperative sentence
 Interrogative sentence
 Exclamatory sentence
 And there are only three punctuation marks with which to end a
sentence:
 Period
 Question mark
 Exclamation point
 What is a declarative sentence?
 A declarative sentence simply makes a statement or expresses an opinion. In
other words, it makes a declaration. This kind of sentence ends with a period.
 Examples of this sentence type:
 “I want to be a good writer.”  (makes a statement)
 “My friend is a really good writer.” (expresses an opinion)
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Declarative sentence
Imperative sentence
Interrogative sentence
Exclamatory sentence
And there are only three punctuation marks with which to end a
sentence:
Period
Question mark
Exclamation point
What is a declarative sentence?
A declarative sentence simply makes a statement or expresses an opinion. In
other words, it makes a declaration. This kind of sentence ends with a period.
Examples of this sentence type:
“I want to be a good writer.”  (makes a statement)
“My friend is a really good writer.” (expresses an opinion)
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 An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request.
It usually ends with a period but can, under certain
circumstances, end with  an exclamation point.
 Examples of this sentence type:
 “Please sit down.”
 “I need you to sit down now!”
 What is an interrogative sentence?
 An interrogative sentence asks a question. This type of sentence
often begins with who, what, where, when, why, how, or do, and it
ends with a question mark.
 Examples of this sentence type:
 “When are you going to turn in your writing assignment?”
 “Do you know what the weather will be tomorrow?”
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 What is an exclamatory sentence?
 An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotion
such as excitement, surprise, happiness and anger, and ends with an
exclamation point.
 Examples of this sentence type:
 “It is too dangerous to climb that mountain!”
Word Order
Word order is important: it’s what makes your sentences make
sense! So, proper word order is an essential part of writing and
speaking—when we put words in the wrong order, the result is a
confusing, unclear, and an incorrect sentence
I am in middle school. CORRECT
In middle school I am. INCORRECT
. Types of Word Order:
In English, we follow one main pattern for normal sentences and
one main pattern for sentences that ask a question.
a. Standard Word Order
A sentence’s standard word order is Subject + Verb + Object
 (SVO). Remember, the subject is what a sentence is about; so, it
comes first. For example:
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The dog (subject) + eats (verb) + popcorn (object).

 B. Questions
 When asking a question, we follow the order auxiliary verb/modal
auxiliary + subject + verb (ASV). Auxiliary verbs and modal
auxiliaries share meaning or function, many which are forms of the
verb “to be.” Auxiliary verbs can change form, but modal auxiliaries
don’t. Here’s a chart to help you:
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4. Parts of Word Order
 While almost sentences need to follow the basic SVO word order, we
add other words, like indirect objects and modifiers, to make them
more detailed.
 a. Indirect Objects
 When we add an indirect object, a sentence will follow a slightly
different order. Indirect objects always come between the verb and the
object, following the pattern SVIO, like this:
 I fed the dog some popcorn.
 This sentence has “I” (subject) “fed” (verb) “dog” (indirect object)
“popcorn” (direct object).
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b. Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases also have special positions in
sentences. When we use the prepositions like “to” or
“for,” then the indirect object becomes part of a 
prepositional phrase, and follows the order SVOP, like
this:
I fed some popcorn to the dog.
Other prepositional phrases, determining time and
location, can go at either the beginning or the end of a
sentence:
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 b. Prepositional Phrases
 Prepositional phrases also have special positions in sentences.
When we use the prepositions like “to” or “for,” then the indirect
object becomes part of a prepositional phrase, and follows the
order SVOP, like this:
 I fed some popcorn to the dog.
 Other prepositional phrases, determining time and location, can
go at either the beginning or the end of a sentence:
       He ate popcorn at the fair.      -Or-     At the fair he ate popcorn.
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c. Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, adding things
like time, manner, degree; and often end in ly, like “slowly,”
“recently,” “nearly,” and so on. As a rule, an adverb (or any modifier)
should be as close as possible to the thing it is modifying. But,
adverbs are special because they can usually be placed in more
than one spot in the sentence and are still correct. So, there are
rules about their placement, but also many exceptions.
In general, when modifying an adjective or adverb, an adverb
should go before the word it modifies:
The dog was extremely hungry. CORRECT adverb modifies
“hungry”
Extremely, the dog was hungry. INCORRECT misplaced adverb
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 c. Adverbs
 Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, adding
things like time, manner, degree; and often end in ly, like
“slowly,” “recently,” “nearly,” and so on. As a rule, an adverb (or
any modifier) should be as close as possible to the thing it is
modifying. But, adverbs are special because they can usually be
placed in more than one spot in the sentence and are still
correct. So, there are rules about their placement, but also many
exceptions.
 In general, when modifying an adjective or adverb, an adverb
should go before the word it modifies:
 The dog was extremely hungry. CORRECT adverb modifies
“hungry”
 Extremely, the dog was hungry. INCORRECT misplaced adverb