CENTRAL THEMES
Possessions
Classroom objects
Personal items and locations in a room
ARTICLES A / AN AND THE
A AN
For non-specific countable singular nouns For non-specific countable singular nouns
beginning with a consonant: beginning with a vowel:
A boy - A tomato An elephant – An owl
A car - A zoo An umbrella – An eagle
We also use indefinite articles to indicate membership in a group:
Jobs: I am a policeman
Nationalities: She is an American girl
Some illnesses: Sara has got a headache
Some numbers: I won a thousand dollars
ARTICLES A / AN AND THE
We also use THE to indicate:
Names of rivers, oceans and seas:: The Pacific
Points of the globe: The Equator
Geographical areas: The Middle East
THE Some countries: The United Kingdom
Group of islands, mountains: The Himalayas
For specific or particular nouns in Family names in plural: The Smiths
singular or plural form: Historical periods: The Second World War
Places in the city: The church
Points of compass: The North, the South
I saw the lions at the zoo In the superlative form: The tallest animal.
Robert sailed over the water Family names in plural: The Simpsons
The weather today is great Unique people: The Queen of England
Unique things: The Moon, the Sun
Musical instruments: I play the piano
Specific locations: The right, the middle
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
NOUNS
A noun names
a person,
place, thing,
or idea.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
NOUNS
• For the plural form of most nouns, add s.
RULE 1 bottle – bottles cup – cups pencil – pencils desk –
desks sticker – stickers window – windows
• For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.
RULE 2 box – boxes
watch – watches
moss – mosses
bus – buses
• For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.
RULE 3 wolf – wolves
wife – wives
leaf – leaves
life – lives
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
NOUNS
• Some nouns have different plural forms.
RULE 4 child – children woman – women man – men mouse –
mice goose – geese
• Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.
RULE 5 baby – babies toy – toys kidney – kidneys
potato – potatoes memo – memos stereo – stereos
• A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
RULE 6 sheep – sheep
deer – deer series
– series species –
species
QUIZ
Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.
1)I have three (child, children).
2)There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3)(Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4)I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.
5)A few men wear (watch, watches).
6)I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.
7)I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
8)There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.
DEMONSTRATIVES
PRONOUNS
This, That, These, Those are
called demonstratives and
they are used to show the
relative distance between the
speaker and the noun.
DEMONSTRATIVES
PRONOUNS
We use this (singular) and these (plural) to refer to something that is here / near.
Examples:
This is my car. (singular)
These are our children. (plural)
We use that (singular) and those (plural) to refer to something that is there / far.
Examples:
That is our house. (singular)
Those are my shoes. (plural)
Note that the verb changes (i.e. singular / plural) depending on the pronoun that you use.
You can also use Demonstrative Pronouns by themselves:
Did you do that?
I'd like to buy these?
Which of those would you like?
LET’S PRACTICE
YES / NO AND WHERE
QUESTIONS WITH BE
Question
Verb Subject Rest Answer
word
I am from Stuttgart.
Where are you from?
I'm from Stuttgart.
What is your name? My name is Peter.
They are fine.
How are Pat and Sue?
They're fine.
VERB TO BE
TO BE - SHORT ANSWERS
In spoken English, we usually give short answers in response to questions.
Are you a student? - Yes, I am (a student). The last part (a student) is not necessary. We use shorts answers to avoid repetition, when the meaning is clear.
Question Short Answers** Short Answers ** With To Be, We don't use
Am I intelligent? Yes, you are. No, you aren't. contractions in affirmative short
Are you a student? Yes, I am. No, I am not. answers unless there is additional
information after it (in which case they
Is he a pilot? Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
are no longer considered short
Is she from Spain? Yes, she is. No, she isn't. answers).
Is it a big house? Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
Are we ready? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are you doctors? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are they rich? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
Discovering grammar
Look at the grammar chart. Circle the correct answers.
1. Use the question word (Who / What) to ask a person’s name.
2. Use the question word(s) (What / How old) to ask about a person’s age.
3. (What’s / Whats’) is the contraction of What is.
Practicing grammar
Change these sentences into Yes/No questions. Change the subject pronoun as needed.
1. I’m 10 years old. Are you 10 years old?
2. You’re my friend.
3. Our teacher is nice.
LET’S
4. English is easy.
5. Our classmates are cool.
6. I’m happy.
PRACTICE
Practice
Look at the answers. Write the question for each answer. Use a question mark.
1. A: What’s your name?
B: Sophia. Sophia Garcia.
2. A:
B: Christina Aguilera. She’s a great singer.
3. A:
B: I’m 12.
4. A:
B: Yes, I’m OK.
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
IN: En, dentro, dentro de
ON: Sobre, encima de algo, tocando
NEXT TO / BESIDE: Al lado de, junto a
BEHIND: Detrás de
IN FRONT OF: Contrario, en frente de, opuesto, delante de
BETWEEN: Entre
NEAR: Cerca
ABOVE: Por encima sin tocar
UNDER: Debajo de
BELOW: Por debajo sin tocar
AT: en, a, al, cerca de, tocando
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
IN
Se usa para indicar tanto espacios cerrados como espacios abiertos. Lo utilizamos para indicar que algo está dentro de una cosa, en un lugar
cerrado, o en el interior de algo físicamente. Sin embargo, como vemos en los ejemplos, también se utiliza para indicar que se está en un lugar
geográfico.
Ejemplos:
My parents arrive in France on Monday.(Mis padres llegan a Francia el lunes.)
I found your address in the phone book.(He encontrado tu dirección en la guía telefónica.)
The cat is in the box.(El gato está dentro la caja.)
I live in Brighton.(Vivo en Brighton.)
AT
Se usa delante de edificios como casas, aeropuertos, universidades, para acontecimientos como reuniones, fiestas, conciertos, deportes, etc., antes
de “top” (parte superior), “bottom” (parte inferior), “the end of” (al final de) y detrás de “arrive” (llegar) cuando nos referimos a lugares que no
sean ciudades o países.
Ejemplos:
When did you arrive at the airport?(¿Cuándo llegaste al aeropuerto?)
Her name is at the bottom of the page.(Su nombre está en la parte inferior de la página.)
She will see him at the theatre.(Le verá en el teatro.)
We eat at the table.(Comemos en la mesa.)
I always visit my sister at work.(Siempre visito a mi hermana en el trabajo.)
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
ON
Uso (lugar): Se coloca delante de nombres de lugares con base como mesas, suelos, etc., cuando nos referimos a partes de una habitación como
el techo o la pared y para indicar que alguien está dentro de un transporte público o en una planta de un edificio.
Ejemplos:
Her apartment is on the second floor.(Su piso está en la segunda planta.)
I am on the bus.(Estoy en el autobús.)
They have a photograph of Paris on the wall.(Tienen una foto de París en la pared.)
The pen is on the table.(El bolígrafo está sobre la mesa.)
NEXT TO (BESIDE)
Uso: Tanto “next to” como “beside” se pueden utilizar indistintamente. Utilizar una forma u otra dependerá del hablante y del contexto.
Ejemplos:
The supermarket is next to (beside) the bank.(El supermercado está al lado del banco.)
Sit next to (beside) me.(Siéntate a mi lado.)
BETWEEN
Ejemplos:
She is standing between Peter and John.(Ella está de pie entre Pedro y Juan.)
The shop is between the bank and the train station.(La tienda está entre el banco y la estación de tren.)
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
BEHIND
Ejemplos:
He is standing behind you.(Está de pie detrás de ti.)
The church is behind the school.(La iglesia está detrás de la escuela.)
IN FRONT OF vs. OPPOSITE
Uso: La diferencia entre estas preposiciones la notamos cuando estamos hablando de personas: “opposite” significa delante y cara a cara, en
cambio “in front of” significa delante de pero no cara a cara.
Ejemplos:
She is sitting opposite me.(Se está sentando en frente de mí.)
Laura is standing in front of you.(Laura está de pie delante de ti.)
The bank is opposite the market.(El banco está delante del mercado.)
The hotel is in front of the station.(El hotel está en frente de la estación.)
UNDER
Ejemplos:
The dog is under the tree.(El perro está debajo del árbol.)
The ball is under the chair.(La pelota está debajo de la silla.)
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
ABOVE
Ejemplo:
The clock is above the table.(El reloj está por encima de la mesa, en la misma pared.)
BELOW
Ejemplo:
The table is below the clock.(La mesa está por debajo del reloj, en la misma pared.)
