Lecture 15- Bar
Development
July 11, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Bar Cut-off Points
Splice
Tension Splice
Compression Splice
Determining Locations of
Flexural Cutoffs
Given a simply
supported beam with a
distributed load.
Determining Locations of
Flexural Cutoffs
Note:
Total bar length =
Fully effective length
+ Development length
Determining Locations of
Flexural Cutoffs
ACI 12.10.3
All longitudinal tension bars
must extend a min. distance
= d (effective depth of the
member) or 12 db (usually
larger) past the theoretical
cutoff for flexure (Handles
uncertainties in loads, design
approximations,etc..)
Determining Locations of
Flexural Cutoffs
Development of flexural
reinforcement in a typical
continuous beam.
ACI 318R-02 - 12.10 for
flexural reinforcement
Bar Cutoffs - General Procedure
1. Determine theoretical flexural cutoff points for
envelope of bending moment diagram.
2. Extract the bars to satisfy detailing rules (from
ACI Section 7.13, 12.1, 12.10, 12.11 and 12.12)
3. Design extra stirrups for points where bars are
cutoff in zone of flexural tension (ACI 12.10.5)
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
All Bars
Rule 1. Bars must extend the longer of d or 12db past
the flexural cutoff points except at supports
or the ends of cantilevers (ACI 12.11.1)
Rule 2. Bars must extend at least ld from the point of
maximum bar stress or from the flexural
cutoff points of adjacent bars (ACI 12.10.2
12.10.4 and 12.12.2)
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Positive Moment Bars
Rule 3. Structural Integrity
Simple Supports At least one-third of the
positive moment reinforcement must be extend 6
in. into the supports (ACI 12.11.1).
Continuous interior beams with closed stirrups.
At least one-fourth of the positive moment
reinforcement must extend 6 in. into the support
(ACI 12.11.1 and [Link])
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Positive Moment Bars
Rule 3. Structural Integrity
Continuous interior beams without closed
stirrups. At least one-fourth of the positive
moment reinforcement must be continuous or
shall be spliced near the support with a class A
tension splice and at non-continuous supports be
terminated with a standard hook. (ACI [Link]).
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Positive Moment Bars
Rule 3. Structural Integrity
Continuous perimeter beams. At least one-
fourth of the positive moment reinforcement
required at midspan shall be made continuous
around the perimeter of the building and must be
enclosed within closed stirrups or stirrups with
135 degree hooks around top bars. The required
continuity of reinforcement may be provided by
splicing the bottom reinforcement at or near the
support with class A tension splices (ACI
[Link]).
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Positive Moment Bars
Rule 3. Structural Integrity
Beams forming part of a frame that is the
primary lateral load resisting system for the
building. This reinforcement must be anchored
to develop the specified yield strength, fy, at the
face of the support (ACI 12.11.2)
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Positive Moment Bars
Rule 4. Stirrups
At the positive moment point of inflection and
at simple supports, the positive moment
reinforcement must be satisfy the following
equation for ACI 12.11.3. An increase of 30 %
in value of Mn / Vu shall be permitted when the
ends of reinforcement are confined by
compressive reaction (generally true for simply
supports).
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Positive Moment Bars
Rule 4.
Mn
ld la
Vu
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Negative Moment Bars
Rule 5.
Negative moment reinforcement must be
anchored into or through supporting columns or
members (ACI Sec. 12.12.1).
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Negative Moment Bars
Rule 6. Structural Integrity
Interior beams. At least one-third of the negative
moment reinforcement must be extended by the
greatest of d, 12 db or ( ln / 16 ) past the negative
moment point of inflection (ACI Sec. 12.12.3).
Bar Cutoffs - General Rules
Negative Moment Bars
Rule 6. Structural Integrity
Perimeter beams. In addition to satisfying rule 6a,
one-sixth of the negative reinforcement required at
the support must be made continuous at mid-span.
This can be achieved by means of a class A tension
splice at mid-span (ACI [Link]).
Moment Resistance Diagrams
Moment capacity of a beam is a function of its depth,
d, width, b, and area of steel, As. It is common
practice to cut off the steel bars where they are no
longer needed to resist the flexural stresses. As in
continuous beams positive moment steel bars may be
bent up usually at 45o, to provide tensile
reinforcement for the negative moments over the
support.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
The nominal moment capacity of an under-reinforced
concrete beam is
a As f y
M n As f y d where, a
2 0.85 f cb
To determine the position of the cutoff or bent point
the moment diagram due to external loading is drawn.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
The ultimate moment resistance of one bar, Mnb is
a
M nb Abs f y d where, Abs area of bar
2
The intersection of the moment resistance lines with
the external bending moment diagram indicates the
theoretical points where each bar can be terminated.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
Given a beam with the 4 #8 bars and
fc=3 ksi and fy=50 ksi and d = 20 in.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
The moment diagram is
Moment Diagram
3000
2500
2000
k-in
1500
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ft
Moment Resistance Diagrams
The moment resistance of one bar is
a
M nb Asb f y d
2
a
As f y
3.16 in 2
50 ksi
5.2 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85 3 ksi 12 in.
5.2 in.
M nb 0.79 in 50 ksi 20 in.
2
688 k-in.
2
M ub M nb 0.9 688 k-in. 620 k-in.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
The moment diagram and crossings
Moment Diagram
3000
2480 k-in
2500
2000 1860 k-in
k-in
1500 1240 k-in
1000
620 k-in
500
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ft
Moment Resistance Diagrams
The ultimate moment resistance is 2480 k-in. The
moment diagram is drawn to scale on the basis A bar
can be terminated at a, two bars at b and three bars at c.
These are the theoretical termination of the bars.
Moment Diagram
3000
2480 k-in
2500
2000 1860 k-in
a
k-in
1500 1240 k-in
b
1000
620 k-in
500
0
c
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ft
Moment Resistance Diagrams
Compute the bar development length is
la 12d b or d
12 1.0 in. or 20 in. 20 in.
ld
f y d b
50000 1.0 in.
20 f c 20 3000
45.6 in. 46 in.
Moment Resistance
Diagrams
The ultimate moment
resistance is 2480 k-in.
The moment diagram
is drawn to scale on
the basis A bar can be
terminated at a, two
bars at b and three bars
at c. These are the
theoretical termination
of the bars.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
It is necessary to develop
part of the strength of the bar
by bond. The ACI Code
specifies that every bar
should be continued at least
a distance d, or 12db , which
ever is greater, beyond the
theoretical points a, b, and c.
Section 12.11.1 specify that
1/3 of positive moment
reinforcement must be
continuous.
Moment Resistance Diagrams
Two bars must extend
into the support and
moment resistance
diagram Mub must
enclose the external
bending moment
diagram.
Example – Cutoff
For the simply
supported beam with
b=10 in. d =17.5 in.,
fy=40 ksi and fc=3 ksi
with 4 #8 bars. Show
where the reinforcing
bars can be terminated.
Example – Cutoff
Determine the moment capacity of the bars.
a
As f y
3.16 in 40 ksi
2
4.93 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85 3 ksi 10 in.
4.93 in.
M nb 0.79 in 40 ksi 17.5 in.
2
2
427.7 k-in. 35.64 k-ft.
Example – Cutoff
Determine the location of the bar intersections of
moments.
1 bar 35.64 k-ft. 3 bar 107 k-ft.
2 bar 71.3 k-ft. 4 bar 142.6 k-ft.
M x M 0 mx
Example – Cutoff
Determine the location of the bar intersections of
moments.
1 bar 35.64 k-ft. 3 bar 107 k-ft.
2 bar 71.3 k-ft. 4 bar 142.6 k-ft.
132.5 k-ft. 87.5 k-ft.
107 k-ft. 132.5 k-ft. x
6 ft.
x 3.4 ft. 40.8 in. or 41 in.
Example – Cutoff
Determine the location of the bar intersections of
moments.
1 bar 35.64 k-ft. 3 bar 107 k-ft.
2 bar 71.3 k-ft. 4 bar 142.6 k-ft.
87.5 k-ft. 0.0 k-ft.
71.3 k-ft. 87.5 k-ft. x
5 ft.
x 0.93 ft. 11.1 in. or 11 in.
or 11 in. + 72 in. = 83 in. from center
Example – Cutoff
The minimum distance is
la 12d b or d
12 1.0 in. or 17.5 in. 18 in.
ld
f y d b
40000 1.0 in.
20 f c 20 3000
36.6 in. 37 in.
Example – Cutoff
The minimum amount of bars are As/3 or two bars
Example – Cutoff
The cutoff for the first bar is 41 in. or 3 ft 5 in. and 18 in
or 1 ft 6 in. total distance is 41 in.+18 in. = 59 in. or 4 ft
11 in.
Note error it is 4’-11” not 5’-11”
Example – Cutoff
The cutoff for the second bar is 83 in. + 18 in. 101 in. or
8 ft 5 in. (37-in+5-in+18-in+41-in= 101-in.)
Note error it is 4’-11” not 5’-11”
Example – Cutoff
The moment diagram is the blue line and the red line is
the envelope which encloses the moment diagram.
Bar Splices
Why do we need bar splices? -- for long spans
Types of Splices
1. Butted &Welded Must develop 125%
of yield strength
2. Mechanical Connectors
ACI [Link] and
3. Lay Splices ACI [Link]
Tension Lap Splices
Why do we need bar splices? -- for long spans
Types of Splices
1. Contact Splice
2. Non-Contact Splice (distance between the
bars 6” and 1/5 of the splice length
ACI [Link])
Splice length (development length) is the distance
the two bars are overlapped.
Types of Splices
Class A Splice (ACI
12.15.2) As provided
When 2 over entire splice
As req'd length.
and 1/2 or less of total reinforcement is
spliced win the req’d lay length.
Types of Splices
Class B Splice (ACI 12.15.2)
All tension lay splices not meeting
requirements of Class A Splices
Tension Lap Splice (ACI 12.15)
where As (req’d) = determined for bending
ld = development length for bars (not
allowed to use excess reinforcement
modification factor)
ld must be greater than or equal to 12 in.
Tension Lap Splice (ACI 12.15)
Lap Splices shall not be used for bars larger than No. 11.
(ACI 12.14.2)
Lap Splices should be placed in away from regions of
high tensile stresses -locate near points of inflection
(ACI 12.15.1)
Compression Lap Splice (ACI 12.16)
Lap, req’d = 0.0005fy db for fy 60000 psi
Lap, req’d = (0.0009fy -24) db for fy > 60000
psi Lap, req’d 12 in
For fc 3000 psi, required lap splice shall be multiply
by (4/3) (ACI 12.16.1)
Compression Lap Splice (ACI 12.17.2)
In tied column splices with effective tie area throughout
splice length 0.0015 hs factor = 0.83
In spiral column splices, factor = 0.75
The final splice length must be 12 in.
Example – Splice Tension
Calculate the lap-splice length for 6 #8 tension bottom
bars in two rows with clear spacing 2.5 in. and a clear
cover, 1.5 in., for the following cases
a. When 3 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) >2
b. When 4 bars are spliced and As(provided) /As(required) < 2
c. When all bars are spliced at the same location.
fc= 5 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Example – Splice Tension
For #8 bars, db =1.0 in and = = = =1.0
ld 3 fy
d b 40 f c c K tr
db
3 60000 1.0
42.4 43 in.
40 5000 1.5 in. 0
1.0 in.
Example – Splice Tension
The As(provided) /As(required) > 2, class A splice applies;
therefore lst = 1.0 ld >12 in., so lst = 43 in. > 12 in. The
bars spliced are less than half the number
The As(provided) /As(required) < 2, class B splice applies; therefore
lst = 1.3 ld >12 in., so lst = 1.3(42.4 in.) = 55.2 in. use 56 in.
> 12 in..
Class B splice applies and lst = 56 in. > 12 in.
Example – Splice Compression
Calculate the lap splice length for a # 10 compression
bar in tied column when fc= 5 ksi and
a) fy = 60 ksi
b) fy = 80 ksi
Example – Splice Compression
For #10 bars, db =1.27 in.
ld 0.02 f y
0.003 f y
db fc
0.02 60000
16.97 or 18
5000
ld 18 1.27 in. 22.86 in. ld 23 in.
Check ls > 0.005 db fy = 38.1 in. So ls = 39 in.
Example – Splice Compression
For #10 bars, db =1.27 in. The ld = 23 in.
Check ls > (0.0009 fy –24) db
=(0.0009(80000)-24)(1.27in.) = 61 in.
So use ls = 61 in.
