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B in er
a Re mo v
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Klinofeed
Improv
izes es
the Immun
Air i ty
A Versatile Useful
Multi-Purpose Product
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April 2009 ImproIAG, Switzerland
Unipoint 2
Klinofeed
A Very Safe Mycotoxin Binder
Unipoint AG, Switzerland
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 3
What is a Good Feed Additive
Mycotoxin Binder ?
• Broad spectrum
• Large adsorbing capacity
• Strong adsorbing power
• Selective adsorption
• Nutritionally inert (not digestible)
• Stable shelf life
• Not harmful itself
• Contains no harmful substances
• Additional benefits
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 4
Klinofeed
A Broad Spectrum Mycotoxin Binder
• Aflatoxins 98 ％
• Ochratoxin A 96 ％
• Zearalenone 95 ％
• T-2 Toxin 68 ％
• Vomitoxin (DON) 81 ％
• Fumonisins 80 ％
• Citrinin 78 ％
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 5
Crystalline Features of Klinofeed
• Natural Heulandite
- High purity (high content)
- Contains no quartz or any harmful substances
• Unique crystalline structure
(not all hydrated aluminosilicates are the same)
- Firm rigid framework structure, does not expand
- Powerful negative charges
• Fine particles
- Over 98% of particles are less than 100nm
- 1 g contains 59-67 million particles
- 1 particle has 10,000 to 100,000 pores
- Vast surface area, 36-39 hectares per kg
- Vast adsorption surface area
• Tiny pores (diameter=4 angstroms=0.4nm)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 6
Klinofeed
Strong Negative Charges
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 7
Crystal Structure of Klinofeed
(enlarged 10,000 times)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 8
Characteristics of Heulandite
• Crystal network
• Rigid crystal
structure
• No expansion =
Selective
adsorption
• Klinofeed does
not contain quartz
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 9
Klinofeed
Adsorbs Mycotoxins Effectively
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 10
Klinofeed
Does NOT Adsorb Vitamin A
• 1 ＝ without
Klinofeed
• 2 ＝ Klinofeed
added
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 11
Klinofeed
Does NOT Adsorb Vitamin D
• 1 ＝ without
Klinofeed
• 2 ＝ Klinofeed
added
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 12
Klinofeed
Does NOT Adsorb Vitamin E
• 1=without
Klinofeed
• 2 ＝ Klinofeed
added
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 13
Klinofeed
Does NOT Adsorb Amino Acids
Example 1: Phenylalanine
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 14
Klinofeed
Does NOT Adsorb Amino Acids
Example 2: Tryptophan
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 15
Characteristics of HSCAS
Sepiolite as an Example
• Tubular structure
• Expansion ＝
Non-selective
adsorption
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 16
Characteristics of HSCAS
Bentonite as an Example
• Sheet-like
structure
• Expansion ＝
Non-Selective
adsorption
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 17
Features of Klinofeed
Characteristics in Ion Exchange
• Strong Ion Exchange Power
- Strong affinity with cations
• Preferential Ion Binding
• - Cs>Pb>NH4>K>Na>Ca>Mg>Cu>Zn>Mn
- Binds NH4 with first priority
• - Does not bind minerals in the feed
• Strong Ammonium Ion Exchange Capacity:
- 23.5gNH4+ per kg Klinofeed
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 18
Klinofeed Improves Egg Shell Quality
Period: 20th - 68th week
Egg Shell Quality
Index
• Blue = Control
Group
• Red =Klinofeed
Group
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 19
Klinofeed Improves Egg Shell Quality
Period: 20th - 68th week
Egg Shell
Thickness
(mm)
• Blue = Ccontrol
Group
• Red =Klinofeed
Group
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 20
Influence of Antibiotics and Klinofeed to the population of
the Gram-negative bacteria in the Intestines. (pigs)
7,00
Control
6,00
Bakterien /Gram-negativ
Klinofeed
5,00
Antibiotic
4,00
3,00 Antibiotic
+ Klinofeed
2,00
1,00
0,00
45
27
31
39
43
25
29
33
35
37
41
47
49
Trial period (days)
April Papaioannou
Papaioannouetetal.
2009 al.(2004).
(2004). Unipoint AG, Switzerland 21
Klinofeed
Klinofeed
Effect on Feed Additives
• Klinofeed does NOT adsorb
- Vitamins
- Amino Acids
- Antibiotics
because of its tiny size of crystal pores
• Klinofeed does NOT adsorb
- mineral ions
because of its unique property of preferential ion
exchange for NH4+ ion
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 22
Klinofeed
Safety Features
• Contains no harmful substances, e.g., ：
- Lead
- Quartz
- Dioxin
• No withdrawal is required
• Absolutely safe to Human and Animals
- Meet the food additive safety standards as set by EU
and WHO
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 23
Klinofeed
Usage and Dosage
• Add according to recommended dosage
• Prestater , stater , finisher :- 1 kg per ton of
feed
• Control and Removal: Mycotoxins are
analysed and detected
2-3 kg per ton of feed
• Use continuously, no withdrawal is
necessary
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 24
Klinofeed
An Effective Ammonia Remover
Unipoint AG, Switzerland
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 25
Klinofeed
An Effective Ammonia Remover
Unipoint AG, Switzerland
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 26
Theoretically two important considerations can affect the
productivity of the monogastric animals over ammonia:
1. The influence of ammonia on the microbiological, ecological
system in the lumen and the Intestinal wall.
2. The effect of ammonia on the metabolism of the nutrients in
the liver.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 27
Klinofeed
Source of Ammonia in the Digestive Tract
Only 35 to 45% of proteins consumed by the poultry
or pigs will be transformed into animal products,
(i.e., meat, milk, eggs)
Penz (2000)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 28
Source of Ammonia in the Digestive Tract
• Unabsorbed amino acids in the intestines
continue being degraded to produce ammonia
gas.
• The epithelial tissue is also a source of protein
for producing ammonia.
• Microorganisms in the intestines utilize those
unabsorbed nutrients to grow and multiply and
produce ammonia gas through metabolism.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 29
Effect of Ammonia on the Intestines
• High ammonia concentration in the Intestines
causes faster turnover (more frequent renewal)
of the epithelial cells .
• Nutrient absorption is affected by frequent
epithelial cell renewal in the Intestines resulting
in slower growth rate and reduction of production
performance.
Ziggers (2003)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 30
Ammonia in the Intestines
• The reduction of ammonia produced
during digestion can support (favour)
more healthy intestinal development for
more efficient nutrient absorption.
Ziggers (2003)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 31
Klinofeed in Feed
Improves Air Quality in Swine Barn
Av. NH3 Conc. In Air
(ppm)
Control 12.3
w. Klinofeed 8.6
Improvement =
30.08%
Black=Control
Yellow=Klinofeed
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 32
Ammonia overloading in liver and kidneys
NH33 NH44 NH
NH
Food NH ++
Food NH33
Metabolites
Metabolitesin
inblood
blood
Liver
Liver
Kidneys
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland Kidneys 33
Ammonia in the plasma
Ammonia is continuously released in the lumen
by the Intestinal bacteria and absorbed into the
blood as ammonium ions.
Guyton (1996)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 34
The influence of Ammonium Ions on the
metabolism of nutrients in the liver
Blood ammonium level high
Uric Acid
Glycine
Normal Metabolism of the nutrients
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 35
Effect of Ammonium Ion on Blood Calcium
• Liver has extra work load to detoxify ammonia
in addition to regular metabolism
• Uric acid is produced after ammonium is
metabolized
• Calcium-Uric acid complex is formed
• Available calcium in the blood is reduced
• Bone health is adversely affected
Leach, Hendricks et al (1990)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 36
Heulandite-Clinoptilolite can help controlling diseases
The use of Heulandite-Clinoptilolite can work as
therapeutic means for controlling diseases.
Mumpton und Fishman (1977)
Milene und Froseth (1982)
Kovac et al (1988)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 37
The Effect of Ammonium Ion on Bone
Development in Broilers
• Heulandite decreases the absorption of
ammonium ions and reduces uric acid
concentration in the blood
• Klinofeed helps broilers in healthy bone
development
•
LEACH RM, HEINRICHS BS et al - Broiler chicks fed low calcium diets. 1. Influence of zeolite on growth rate and
parameters of bone metabolism.
Poultry Science, 1990, 69 (9), 1539-1543.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 38
The influence of Klinofeed on the
metabolism of nutrients in the liver
Blood ammonium level low
Uric Acid
Glycine
Normal metabolism of the nutrients
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 39
Reduced Ammonia Improves Immunity
• Liver work load lightened without the task
of ammonia detoxification.
• Immunity is improved when the liver works
normally.
• Klinofeed reduces the level of absorbed
ammonia thus improves immunity.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 40
Conversion of Ammonia to Urea Needs Energy
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 41
Energy Requirement for
Production of Urea from Ammonia
Requirement of 3 moles of ATP for conversion of 1
mole of ammonia to urea:
NH3 + NH3 (from Glu-acid)+ CO2 + 3ATP
---> (NH2)2CO + H2O + 3 ADP + 3Pi
Amm + Amm (fr Glu-acid) + carbon dioxide + 3ATP
---> urea + water + 3 ADP + 3Pi
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 42
Energy Requirement
for Ammonia Removal
• One mole of ATP represents 30.5kJ
(7.3kcal)
• To eliminate one mole of ammonia
requires 3 moles of ATP,
or 91.5kJ (~22kcal)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 43
Klinofeed decreases energy wastage
• Klinofeed reduces the level of absorbed
ammonia thus saves wastage of valuable
energy for growth and production.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 44
Klinofeed
A Reliable Anticaking Agent
Unipoint AG, Switzerland
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 45
Klinofeed absorbs free water in the feed
• Due to its highly porous nature, Klinofeed
absorbs the free water contained in the
feed.
• Hence, the dry feed particles can flow
freely without lumping or caking problems.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 46
Anticaking Trial
Germany
• 1. Location of Trial : NRG Factory in Hamm, Germany
• 2. Duration of Trial : 6 days
(from 2nd to 7th July 2007)
• 3. Season : Summer
• 4. Temperature : 25 to 32 Degrees C
• 5. Type of Feed : Piglet Starter
(Wheat & Soya base)
• 6. Moisture Content : 10 to 11 %
• 7 Klinofeed Dosage : [Link] per tonne
• 8. Packing : 500 kg big bulk bag, stacking
up to 3 tiers in the ware-house
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 47
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 48
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 49
Bridging and Rat-holing
in the Feed Bin
• Due to temperature difference between day and
night, moisture condensation occurs in the feed
bin overnight moistening the feed particles.
• This moistening effect on the feed particles
results in phenomenons commonly known as
“bridging” and “rat-holing” in which the feed
stops flowing out after the feed jams up the
outlet of the feed bin or after the feed drops out
and creates a hollow channel in the center of the
bin.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 50
Bridging
Bridging is a no-flow
condition in which the
pressure of the stored
material on itself results
in a “bridge” or “arch”
formation in the bin or
the hopper section of
the bin.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 51
Rat-holing
Ra-holing is a condition in
which the stored material
does not slough into the
central flow stream for
discharge and instead forms
a core. Problems associated
with rat-holing are flooding,
substantial variation of
density in product, and
eventually no-flow.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 52
Bridging and Rat-holing
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 53
Feed Flow Patterns in the Bin
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 54
Klinofeed absorbs condensed moisture
• Klinofeed absorbs the condensed
moisture thus maintaining the feed
particles in “dry” condition.
• “Dry” feed particles flow out freely without
forming a “bridge” or “rat hole” in the feed
bin.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 55
Klinofeed
An Excellent
Feed Pellet Binding Enhancer
Unipoint AG, Switzerland
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 56
Conditioning of the Mash Feed
• Before pelleting, the mash feed must be
conditioned in a pre-conditioner.
• The aim of “conditioning” is to produce
good quality feed pellets.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 57
Role of Pre-Conditioner
• Conditions the mash feed for making good
quality feed pellets
• Three functions of the “conditioning
process”:
- Heating
- Hydration
- Mixing
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 58
Role of Pre-Conditioner
making good quality pellets
Heating
• accomplished commonly and efficiently
through direct steam injection
• High quality (dry) steam is critical for
maximum heat input
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 59
Role of Pre-Conditioner
making good quality pellets
Hydration
• Moisture addition and hydration are very critical
in the pelleting operation
• Moisture transfer into feed is much slower than
heat transfer
• Reasonable water addition (moistened feed
particles) can greatly improve pellet quality
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 60
Role of Pre-Conditioner
making good quality pellets
Mixing
• Mixing in preconditioning is a very critical
part of the hydration process
• Typical retention times have been two
minutes or less with some mills running as
short as 30 seconds
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 61
Fill Level of Pre-Conditioner
• The fill level of the pre-conditioner
determines the pellet production rate
• A fill level of 40-50 % is generally
acceptable
• Operating the pre-conditioner at higher fill
levels consumes excessive power,
reduces the mixing efficiency and risks
“choking”
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 62
Time vs Rate at Various Fill Level
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 63
Adding Moisture
• The purpose of adding moisture is two-fold:
- increase the starch gelatinization
- increase the thermal conductivity of the
mash
• Distribution of moisture must be uniform
throughout the mash feed
• Every feed particle is closely surrounded by
high moisture readily to accept moisture
into its core
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 64
Moisture surrounding the feed particle
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 65
Adding Moisture before Pelleting
Fairchild and Greer (1999) have demonstrated
that increasing the moisture content of mash
feed at the mixer subsequently decreased pellet
mill energy consumption and increased pellet
durability.
Fairchild, F., and D. Greer. 1999. Pelleting with precise mixer moisture control. Feed Int. 20(8):32-36.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 66
The Effect of Cold Mash Moisture Content on a Pellet
Mill Operation
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 67
Study by Fairchild and Greer
They found that by
• increasing feed mash moisture at the mixer by
3% can increase pellet durability by 10%, and
• decrease pellet mill energy usage by 2.3%,
• Resulting in
- improved pellet quality
- reduced milling cost
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 68
Adding Moisture to Broiler Diet
Moritz, J. S., et. al., (2002) reported that
adding moisture to a corn-soybean-based broiler
diet may significantly increase pellet mill
production rates while maintaining similar pellet
durabilities and fine percentages
J. S. Moritz, K. J. Wilson K. R. Cramer, R. S. Beyer, L. J. McKinney, W. B. Cavalcanti, and X. Mo ( 2002) J.
Appl. Poult. Res. 11:155-163
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 69
Study by Moritz, et. Al.
They also found that increasing the water to
starch ratio before pelleting significantly
improved starch gelatinization which may
aid in creating a more durable pellet.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 70
Add Moisture to Cold Mash
Muirhead (1999) found that adjusting cold
mash moisture to 14 percent through
mixer water addition optimized pellet mill
operation and pellet durability
Muirhead, S. 1999. Precision in Mash Moisture Management Improves Pellet. FEEDSTUFFS, volume 71,
number 10. Miller Publishing Co., Carol Stream, Ill.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 71
Benefits of Increasing Moisture before
Pelleting
• Keep high moisture condition as closely as
possible around the feed particles
• Allow higher temperature in the conditioner and
improves starch gelatinization resulting in
improved binding of feed particles and better
pellet quality
• High moisture helps lubricating the passage
through the die
• Lower energy required for squeezing the feed
through the die
• Faster pellet production
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 72
Function of Klinofeed in Pelleting
• Klinofeed particles removes moisture droplets
in the steam so as to raise the temperature
higher to achieve better starch gelatinization.
• Klinofeed particles distribute evenly among the
feed particles and maintain high moisture
condition surrounding feed particles.
• Klinofeed particles helps enhance moisture.
• Klinofeed particles cleanses the passage wall
in the die.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 73
Effect and Benefits of Klinofeed in
Pelleting
• 1. Improves pellet quality
- Higher moisture improves starch gelatinization
for better binding of feed particles and improved
the pellet quality in both hardness and durability
• 2. Facilitates pellet production
- High mositure lubricates the passages in the
die for faster feed pellet production
- Cleansing of the die passage improves feed
throughput
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 74
Effect and Benefits of Klinofeed in
Pelleting
• 3. Cleans the die passage way during
pelleting
- Easier maintenance of die, no sticky mess to
clean up
• 4. Saves energy cost
- Easier pellet passage
= Reduced Energy Consumption
= Cost Savings
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 75
Klinofeed Helps Optimizing the Pellet
Cooling Process
• Retains moisture uniformly within feed pellets
• Optimizes the moisture content of finished feeds
by avoiding excessive moisture loss.
• Surface condensation risk is minimized and free
water activity of the feed is reduced
• Feed shelf life is increased.
• Better pellet quality (assessed by durability test)
is obtained.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 76
Additional Benefit of Klinofeed in Pellet
Cooling Process
• Reduces moisture loss during cooling
= Reduces weight loss
= Improves profit gain
(every tiny bit counts)
(trials on going)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 77
Conclusion: Klinofeed
Is An Effective Pellet Binding Enhancer
Klinofeed
• Removes moisture droplets for possible temperature
increase in the pre-conditioner
• Keeps moisture closely around feed particles
• Improves binding of feed particles by increasing starch
gelatinization
• Facilitates the feed squeezing through the die passage
• Saves energy during the pelleting process
• Prolongs working life of the die
• Increases pellet production rate
• Reduces pellet weight loss
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 78
Klinofeed Saves Costs
Through savings in
- power consumption,
- faster production, and
- reduction of weight loss.
Klinofeed provides the
extra cost savings
crucially required in this era of ever-rising
energy cost.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 79
Korean Trial
• Feed manufacturer : H Feedmill
• Trial feed : Duck feed (pellet)
• Trial condition : Wheat 10% + Pellet
binder(0.3%) in feed
• Trial date : Jan. 18. 2008
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 80
Klinofeed as a Pellet Binding Enhancer
Company Distributor A B
Product Product
Klinofeed Brand A Brand B
Information Name
Ingredient Heulandite Guar gum Gelatine
Performance (ton/hour) 10ton 10ton 8.6ton
Fines (%) 7.9 8.0 5.5
Hardness Index 4.8 4.7 4.4
PDI 96.2 96.3 96.7
Price (per kg) ratio 1 2.2 2
Dosage 0.3% 0.3% 0.3%
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 81
Korean Experience - Conclusion
Results of 48hours after production of feed (Keeping in sample bag)
Product Klinofeed Guar gum Gelatine
Gravity .644 .637 .634
Hardness 4.0 4.2 4.0
Fines (%) 4.0 7.4 2.5
PDI 97.2 97.4 97.8
No difference among the 3 products, but Klinofeed is most economic
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 82
KLINOFEED as Pellet Binder (Korean Trial 2)
Treatment 1 2 3
Product Klinofeed BrandX BrandY
Parameter
Guar
Ingredient Heulandite Lignosulfonate
gum
Hardness Improvement 16% 16% 19%
PDI Improvement 17% 0% 17%
Price (per kg) Ratio 1 - 0.8
Dosage （ kg / ton ） 3 2 10
Conclusion
: There is slight difference with lignosulfonate group but with cost consideration,
Klinofeed is still the best choice.
: Distributor succeeded in making contract with this feed mill for 13tons Klinofeed per month.
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 83
Klinofeed
Safety Features
• Contains no harmful substances, e.g., ：
- Lead
- Quartz
- Dioxin
• Can be used continuously without interruption
• No withdrawal is required
• Absolutely safe to Human and Animals
- Approved by WHO as food additive (Reg No. EU 554)
- Approved by EU as feed additive (Reg No. E 568)
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 84
GMP
Certificate
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 85
Versatile Functions of Klinofeed
• Mycotoxin Binder
• Ammonia Remover
• Anti-caking Agent
• Pellet Binding Enhancer
PLUS
Many Other Benefits
ONE PRODUCT WITH MANY FUNCTIONS
Klinofeed
ONE PRODUCT
TO ACHIEVE
MANY PURPOSES
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 87
Klinofeed
ONE PRODUCT
TO BENEFIT
MANY CUSTOMERS:
- Farmers,
- Premix Manufacturers,
- Feed Concentrate Formulators,
and
- Feedmills
April 2009 Unipoint AG, Switzerland 88
der Prote
c ts Liv er
B in er
a Re mo v
o xi n Ammoni
cot
My
Deo
dor
Klinofeed
Improv
izes es
the Immun
Air i ty
A Versatile Useful
Multi-Purpose Product
An
Pe
ll
ti c
et
B
ak
ind
in
Unipoint AG, Switzerland ing
g
En
Ag
ha
ality
en
Q u nc
lood er
t
ves B
April 2009 ImproIAG, Switzerland
Unipoint 89
