SOCIOLOGY
FACTORS OF PROMOTING AND RESISTING
SOCIAL CHANGES AND CULTURAL CHANGE
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MISS HUMA MALIHA LATIF
AZKA ABID
USAMA YAWAR
IQRA ASHIQ
YAQOOB
MEANING OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE
CHANGE:
Any alteration, difference, modification take place in an object through time can be called
change.(her asu cheez may wqt k sth tabdeeli aay ausy change khty hai)
Social change:
Social change means the changes in the social structure and social relationship .(who wjuhat
ya anasir jin ke wja sy pury mashray may tbdeli aay asuy khty hai social change)
Cultural change:
Change in any part of culture of a society is called cultural change .(jb tbdeli kuch chand logo ke
wja sy aay ya aun kek rasmo rawaj ke wja sy aay asy hum cultural change khy gy)
Definition of social change
According to jones: Social changes are a term used to describe variation in, or modifications
of any aspects of social processes, social patterns, social interactions or social organization(social change
ek aysi term hai jo use ke jati hai jb kisi cheez may tabdili ya modification ho ausy khy gy social change who tbdili social
processes may aay patterns interations may aay ge) covid
According to Horton and hunt: Social change is meant change in social structure or function
of societal forms.(jb pury mashry may tbdili ay aus k structure may function may forms may ausy khty hai social change
Thus we can conclude that social change is the reorganization of society in terms of time and place.
(mashry may tbdili ay gusrty wqt ke wja sy asuy kkhty gy social change)
Causes of Social Change
Invention:
>production of a new objects, ideas, and social patterns .(jb hum koi ek nai product launch krwa dy ,koi naya
idea dy dein)
Discovery:
>Taking notes of certain elements of a culture .(daryaft krna jysy purany cultures ko ejgpt)
DIFFUSION:
>The spread of products, people, and information from one culture to another ( ek culture dusry culture ko
apnay jysy hum westrn trend apna rhy hai pehny orny may)
Characteristics of social structure
1. Change in social
2. Universal
3. Continuous
4. Inevitable
5. Temporal
6. Degree or rate of change is not uniform
7. Social change may be planned or unplanned
Main Factors of Social change
Cultural factors
Technology factors
Education
Modernization
Demographic factors
Psychological factors
Environmental factors
Cultural factor:
Human culture is a process of change. Cultural factors change from generation to generation
and they bring about the change in the society. They contact with different cultural diffusion, invention,
discovery and technology etc.
Technology factor:
The role of technology may vary from society to society, often being very significant as in the
U.S.A, Japan and now in Malaysia and frequently setting off a series of other changes. In other societies
technology may play a much less significant role in social change.
Demographic factor:
Demography has been derived from two Greek words; DEMOS and GRAPHS Means
scientific study of human population with respect to size, structure and development. It can be
Qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative :physical potentialities ,mental abilities.
Quantitative: playing the most decisive role in causing social change .
Psychological factor:
Human relations based on the consideration of the individual mind and the group mind shape
and mould social systems. When physical forces such as floods, earthquakes are considers as factors
causing social change. In that regard psychological factors can’t be ignored.
Environmental factor:
Due to flood, earthquakes etc. we can find imbalance in population which directly
affects the social relationship. Variation in the availability of water resources and minerals
can also affect social change.
An individual who is growing under a roof of particular society and he lives among
different kind of people. So environment of society affects him and he can bring social
change.
Resisting Factors of Social Change
Conservatism
Religion fanatic
ILL Literacy
Poverty
Social pressure
Social values
Factors of Cultural change
1. Contact:
The contact between two societies will obviously change the culture of both the societies through
the process of “cultural diffusion” and “acculturation”.
2. Technology Evoultion:
Any technological evolution in the country will bring a change in their culture also. For example,
change in production technology, change in the means of communication, change in the mean of
transport, etc.
3. Geographical and ecological factor:
The geographical and ecological factor is a natural or a physical factor. The climate or rainfall,
attitude of the place, closeness to the sea decides the culture and lifestyle of the people. Any change in
the physical features will automatically leads to a change in their culture, habits and way of living.
Resisting factors of Cultural change
Cultural lag:
One aspect (especially technological) of culture goes ahead of the others (especially social) due to fast innovations
in the former and thus the latter remains unadjusted
Economical factor:
Economic factors may hinder in culture change in the respect that one wants to live in modern building or buy an
automobile but cannot, due to insufficiency of economic resources.
Isolation:
Geographical, religious or social factors may prevent the people of a culture from being aware of “new” things.
Punishment:
Some of the changes are not encouraged by the society and those who adopt are punished. Such changes are usually
against the cultural values.
Difficulty in Learning:
Some of the new changes may be difficult for the people to understand, hence may not be adopted
