HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED

Part-1 Prepared by:-

• Durgesh srivastava
• Saurabh verma
• Luvkush verma
(Fuel systems of fighter • Vineet singh
planes and turbofan • Shiv gaurav mishra
engines) • Rahul tiwari
• “Concentration ,dedication and application
are necessary but not sufficient to achieve
any goal these must be awarded by
guidance , assistance and cooperation of
some persons to make it tenable”
 ABOUT HAL

 HAL came into existence on 1st October 1964.

 The Company was formed by the merger of
Hindustan Aircraft Limited with Aeronautics India
Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur.
 The Company traces its roots to the pioneering
efforts of an industrialist with extraordinary vision, the
late Seth Walchand Hirachand, who set up
Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in association
with the erstwhile princely State of Mysore in
December 1940. The Government of India became a
shareholder in March 1941 and took over the
Management in 1942.
 MISSION
To become a globally competitive
aerospace industry while working as an
instrument for achieving self –reliance in
design, manufacture and maintenance of
Aerospace defense equipment and
diversifying to related area , managing
the business on commercial lines in a
climate of growing professional
competence .
HAL Divisions
19 Production Units & 9 R&D in 7
location over India
 Bangalore Division
 Kanpur Division
 Koraput Division
 Hyderabad Division
 Nasik Division
 Lucknow Division
 Korwa Division
HAL Services
 ABOUT HAL ACCESSORIES
DIVISION LUCKNOW
Established in 1970.
Primary Objective - To manufacture systems and
accessories for various aircrafts and engines and
attain self sufficiency in this area.
Spread over an area of 94,000 sq m.
Division Manufactures - Civil Aircrafts like Avro,
Dornier, Cheetah, Cheatak & Advanced Light
Helicopters(ALH) & SU-30.
Divisions of HAL Lucknow
 LCA Division
 ALH Division
 Sukhoi Division
 Instrument Factory
 Accessories Division
Specification of Sukhoi SU-30 MKI
 
 Crew: 2
 Length: 21.935 m
 Wingspan : 14.7 m
 Height: 6.36 m
 Wing area: 62.0 m²
 Empty weight: 17,700 kg
 Loaded weight: 24,900 kg
 Max takeoff weight: 38,800 kg
 Maximum speed: Mach 2.35(2,500 km/h) at 11,000m.
 Range: 5,000 km (2,700 nmi) with internal fuel tank.
Fuel Tanks:

 Number of fuel tanks: 6

 Name of fuel tanks: 1, 2, 3RT,
3LT, 4, 5
 Fuel Capacity: 1200 kg
 Special detail: Tank no. 2 is the
main tank & also known as
service tank having fuel
capacity of 600 kg
Fuel Systems:

Purpose of an aircraft fuel system is:

 To store & deliver the proper amount of clean fuel at the correct
pressure to the engine

 Fuel systems should provide positive and reliable fuel flow

through all phases of flight such as 1)Changes
in altitude 2)Violent maneuvers 3)Sudden
acceleration and deceleration

 Fuel systems should also continuously monitor system

operation such as: Fuel pressure Fuel flow Warning signals
Tank quantity
Types of Fuel Systems:
Types of Fuel Systems can be classified in two broad
categories:

 Gravity-Feed Systems: Gravity-Feed Systems use only

the force of gravity to push fuel to the engine fuel-control
mechanism .
Reason for this system to exist in an aircraft:
1)The bottom of the fuel tank must be high enough to
provide adequate pressure to the fuel-control
component.
2)This type of system is often used in light aircraft.
 Pressure-Feed Systems: Pressure-Feed Systems require the
use of a fuel pump to provide fuel-pressure to the engine’s
fuel-control component.
Reason for this system to exist in an aircraft:
1)The fuel tanks are too low to provide enough pressure
from gravity.
2)The fuel tanks are at great distance from the engine.
3) Also, most large aircraft with higher powered engines
require a pressure system regardless of the fuel tank
location because of the large volume of fuel used by the
engines.
Fuel flow & metering system:
This system measures fuel quantity available in aircraft. This
system performs following major function:
1) Fuel flow metering: - This part computes total quantity of
fuel available in aircraft & transmits to various airborne
system for display & recording.
2) Fuel quantity gauging :- This part exclusively computes
quantity of fuel available in service tank & transmit to various
airborne system for display & warning.
3) Automatic control :- This part manages sequence of fuel
flow to/from various tanks during refueling as well as during
consumption.
Fuel quantity transmitters:
 This sensors are used for
computing fuel quantity in service
tank. Capacitance of the probes
changes based on the variation in
fuel level in tank. Resultant
capacitance of following probes
acts as an input for computing
fuel in service tank. Different
capacitance probes used in
Su-30MKI are DT41-4, DT41-5,
DT41-6, DT41-7, DT41-8.
Fuel flow transmitters: DRT2-2A
 These are impeller types of sensors which
produces signal proportional to the rate of flow
of fuel through it. Fuel consumed by aircraft is
computed based on the signals provided by
these sensors.
Fuel Quantity Unit: BT3-4
This instrument computes quantity of fuel in service tank based
on signals from sensors which are fuel probes (DT41). It delivers
computed information to following instruments:
1) Digital light indicator(ITSS7-1)
2) Refueling Control Panel(PKUZ&-2)
3) Stand by Equipment(SBI)
4) Complex Information Signaling System(KISS)
It gives warning signal to pilot for residual fuel of 150 kg in main
tank.
 
Fueling Control Panel:
PKUZ7-2
This instrument is a display device & is used on
ground during refueling. It performs following
functions:
1) To display total fuel quantity
2) To display fuel quantity of service tank
3) To display actual fuel density
Electronic transducer
unit:BEP51-1

This unit is main processing part of automatic control portion

of STR7-51 system. It manages fuel flow based on signals
from sensors, magnetic operated level switches (DSMKs)
fitted in various tanks. It also senses total residual fuel quantity
& transmits the warning signal to pilot.
Semiconductor Relay Control
Unit: BUPR21-1
This is a part of automatic control portion of
STR7-51 system. This instrument works as an
amplifier & a switching device for the signals
required for opening & closing of valve of
various tanks of aircraft.
 Cockpit:

 It has multi-function display.

 Made up of special LCD.
 This LCDs can withstand a
temperature of -40 degree
Celsius.
 It can absorb repeated violent
impacts of landing on aircraft
carriers.
 The display is easily readable
even in bright sunlight & dim
enough for the pilot to read at
night without losing night vision.
Engines:
 Su-30MKI is powered by the Al-
31FP (F for forsazh & P for
povorotnoye means afterburning
movable) turbofan engines.
 The Al-37FU engine have 2D Thrust
Vectoring Control (TVC) Nozzles.
 2D TVC means that the Nozzles can
be directed/pointed in 2 axis or
directions - up or down.
 TVC makes an aircraft much more
maneuverable.
Turbofan engine
How turbofan engine works?
Continued…..
 The nozzles of the MKI are capable of deflecting 32 degrees
in the horizontal plane and 15 degrees in the vertical plane.
THANK YOU